54 C. W. M. Poynter 
right inferior thyroid; 1 from the transverse scapular. It may 
accompany other irregularities asin the cases of Patterson (1884) 
and Taylor & Grell (1902). Keith (1895) has observed the ar- 
tery in the chimpanzee. 
The following references are offered; and for illustration see 
fig. 41. 
From the innominate: Neubauer (1785), Shepherd (1877) (1880), Beau- 
manoir (1882), Paterson (1884), Shepherd (1889), Freyberger (1898), 
Taylor & Grell (1902). 
From the arch: Nicolai (1725), Neubauer (1772), Loder (1781), Neu- 
bauer (1785), Portal (1804), Thiloco (1804), Meckel (1816), Tiedemann 
(1822), Breschet (1826), Velpeau (1826), Otto (1830), Blandin (1834), 
Harrison (1839), Quain (1844), Gruber (1845 and 72), Hyrtl (1859), 
Kemmetmuller (1911), Adachi (1914). 
2. Thymic Arteries—These may arise from the ascending 
aorta, section IIl,(A\ 2, fromthe arch, section MID) i on tom 
the innominate, Taylor & Grell (1902). This is an infrequent 
anomaly and of little morphological interest. 
3. Internal Mammary.—This may arise from the ascending 
aorta, section III, A, 2, from the aortic arch, sections III, D, 1, p, 
and III, D, 2, f, and from the innominate, section III, D, 1, k. 
4. Vertebrals—These show a wide range of variation, which 
has been exhaustively studied by Kemmetmuller (1911) ; he has 
shown that the foramen which the artery enters indicates which 
segmental is represented in its origin and this assists materially in 
classifying some of the anomalies. His general classification is 
excellent, but too exhaustive to be followed in this brief review. 
The right vertebral may arise from the aortic arch between the 
innominate and the left carotid, section III, D, 2, a; from the 
arch between the right subclavian and right carotid, section III, 
D, 3, a; from the arch between the right carotid and right sub- 
‘clavian in cases of right aortic arch, section III, D, 2, g and h; 
from the innominate in cases of low origin of the right subclavian, 
sections UID 1 andl, D2 as the last branchetnonmtinevarecle 
Section sD) 52. 
The left vertebral may arise, from the aortic arch just pre- 
ceding the leit Subclaviant sections Mes Gir: s lly) anaemia 
282 
