Kendall : Geology of the \'alc of Eden. ro'g-'' 



striking. While pebbles of Carboniferous Limestone stilt 

 pre'pon derate, there is a very large admixture of vein quartz 

 and ' quartzite derived from the Basement Carboniferous, and 

 a few pebbles of the Ordovician rhyolites. These facts shew 

 clearly that the great Pennine fault scarp must have been= 

 formed before the deposition of the Upper Brockram, but the 

 comparison of the two Brockrams makes it extremely probable 

 that a large part, probably more than one thousand feet, of the 

 movement of the Pennine faults, took place between the two ; 

 for otherwise we should have to assume that the looo feet of 

 fault scarp buried beneath the Penrith Sandstone, stood exposed 

 to the weather while the Lower Brockram was being deposited, 

 yet' contributed nothing to the gravels that were spread out 

 at its foot. 



■ The Hilton Plant Bed is of great interest, as it has yielded 

 to a careful senvch, one of the best suites of Permian plants 5'et 

 found in Britain. 



The Magnesian Limestone will seem to the Yorkshire 

 geologist Magnesian Limestone pour rirc. It is only about 

 twenty feet thick, and unfossiliferous. 



The Triassic rocks present no special features of interest 

 except that the basal marls appear to lie unconformable upon 

 the Permian. 



Igneous rocks of at least three geological dates, will be 

 seen, and the appended notes kindly contributed by Mr. 

 x\lfred Harker, describe their mode and place of occurrence. 



Tectonic Structure. — It has been already remarked that 

 the Vale of Eden is bounded on the east by faults. One major 

 dislocation extends from Scotland down to Stainmoor Pass, 

 where it breaks^ up into a number of branches, and dies out. 

 This great line of fracture is, however, not a single fault, but, 

 from about Melmerby down to Roman Fell, it splits into three 

 principal roughly parallel faults — the Inner (or Eastern), 

 Middle, and Outer Pennine Faults of the Geological Survey. 

 The Inner throws the Skiddaw Slate and other older Palaeozoic 

 rocks against the Lower Carboniferous of the Cross Fell range. 

 The Outer throws down the Trias on the west against a long 

 cross-fractured slip of Ordovician, Silurian, and Lower Car- 

 b'oiliferous rocks that has been carved by the weather into 

 the remarkable and picturesque line of Pikes. 



In a few places the position of the main faults can be fixed 

 to within a yard or two, and broader views of the scenery in- 

 diieate their position by the striking contrasts of vegetation 

 and aspect. 



■ The geological date of the faidting movements can be 

 ascertained with fair accuracy. Pre-Carboniferous movement 

 of i the middle fault is clearly indicated by the fact that the 

 Pike's arfe.v'coiihpo'sfed finainly of the Coniston Limestone Series. 



i9>2 Ajjhi I. ■ 



