no Kendall : Geology of the Vale of Eden. 



and of Silurian rocks, whereas the Cross Fell escarpment con- 

 sists of Carboniferous rocks resting on Skiddaw Slate, which 

 also forms the belt between the Inner and Middle faults. This 

 movement must have been a downthrow to the west. A move- 

 ment of the Inner Fault at a later date, dropped the Carboni- 

 ferous rocks on the east against the Skiddaw Slate. 



The Outer Fault, the line of principal movement, commenced 

 its operations at least as early as Permian times, and probably 

 was also pre-Carboniferous. Its latest movement took place 

 at some time after the deposition of the Trias. The total 

 amount of displacement effected by it must amount to at 

 least the aggregate thickness of the Carboniferous Limestone, 

 Permian and Trias, plus the height of the Pikes, and may well 

 be more than the 7000 feet that this, very roughly, represents. 



Glacial Phenomena. — Goodchild's admirable account of 

 the Glacial Deposits and the distribution of Erratics in the 

 Vale of Eden furnishes a basis for further work that can hardly 

 be over- valued. He showed that at the climax of the glacia- 

 tion a great ice stream from the Solway was forced up the 

 Vale from N.W. to S.E., and that, reinforced by other ice 

 flowing from the southern slopes of the Howgill Fells, it passed 

 over the Pass of Stainmoor into the Tees drainage, bringing 

 with it boulders from the South of Scotland, as well as in- 

 numerable blocks of Shap Granite, and such characteristic 

 rocks of the Vale of Eden as the so-called ' granite ' of Dufton 

 Pike, and the Brockram. 



Mr. Goodchild further showed that the blocks of Shap 

 Granite were distributed so far down the Valley, as well as over 

 against the Cross Fell inlier, as to indicate more than one 

 phase and direction of dispersal. 



My own researches, extending over fifteen or eighteen 

 years, are entirely corroborative of Goodchild's main conclu- 

 sions. I find that along the eastern edge of the Vale a series 

 of channels draining small lakes held up in the recesses of the 

 Cross Fell range and among the pikes of the Inlier trench 

 across practically every spur or col. The whole form parallel 

 and aligned systems, all draining in a N.W. direction to the 

 neighbourhood of Brampton, where cross-cuts connect them 

 with the similar series of channels in the Valley of the South 

 Tyne described by Dr. Dwerryhouse. 



A remarkable fact whose significance flashed upon me with 

 startling suddenness, is that some of the spurs, e.g., Murton 

 Pike, have large crescentic channels excavated in their Southern 

 flanks in such a way as to show that at the time of their 

 formation, the ice was moving contrariwise to the more general 

 flow, i.e., down the Vale instead of up. Moreover, at the 

 southern extremit}^ of the Vale during the closing stages of 

 glaciation, the ice in Ravenstonedale from the Howgill Fells 



Naturalist, 



