Woodhead : Botany of Cautley and Tehay. 279 



with sphagna, Polytrichiim commune, P. jimiperum, Dicranella 

 squarrosa and Aulacomium palustre. The characteristic 

 flowering plants are Vernal Grass {Anthoxanthiim odoratum), 

 Flea Sedge {Carex pulicaris), Yellow Sedge (C. fiava), Glaucous 

 Sedge (C glanca), Soft Rush {J uncus e-ffusus) and /. conglomera- 

 tus, Bog Asphodel [Narthecium ossifragum), Lesser Spearwort 

 {R. flammula), Buttercup {R. acvis), Marsh Violet {V. palustris), 

 Wood Sorrel {Oxalis acetosella), Tormentil {Potentilla erccta), 

 Bird's foot Trefoil {Lotus corniculatus), White Clover {Trifolium 

 repens), Marsh Pennywort {Hydrocotyle vulgaris), Ribwort 

 [Plantago lanceolata), Self-heal [Prunella vulgaris). Forget-me- 

 not {Myosotis palustris), Eyebright [Euphrasia :ffi,cinalis), 

 Lousewort [Pedicularis sylvatica), Sundew [Drosera rotundi- 

 folia). Grass of Parnassus [Parnassia palustris), Butterwort 

 [Pinguicula vulgaris), Daisy [Bellis perennis), and the Thistles 

 [Cirsum palustre and the white variety ferox). In the higher 

 parts occurred the Alpine Lady's Mantle [Alchemilla alpina), 

 Scurvy Grass [Cochlearia alpina). Marsh Willow-herb [Epilo- 

 hium palustre), Alpine Bistort [Polygonum viviparum), and the 

 Club Mosses [Lycopoduim alpinum, L. clavatum, L. selago, and 

 Selaginella selaginoides) . The drier ridges between the flushes 

 are covered with a grey-green sward of wiry grasses ; the chief 

 species here are the Sheep's Fescue grass [Festuca ovina), 

 Tufted Hair-grass [Deschampsia ccespitosa) and Mat-grass 

 {Nardus stricta) ; subordinate species are Vernal grass, York- 

 shire Fog [Holcus lanatus), Eyebright, Lady's Bedstraw 

 [Galium saxtile), White Clover, Tormentil, dwarf Ling and 

 Bilberry, Milkwort, Thyme [Thymus serpyllum). Sheep's 

 Sorrel [Rumex acetosella). Heath Rush [Juncus squarrosus) , and 

 on the higher slopes the Crowberry [Empetrum nigrum). 

 The bracken qovers much of the lower slopes. 



Ascending the Fell above the waterfall the ground is 

 •covered by a bed of peat 12 inches to 18 inches thick, and here 

 the vegetation forms a vaccinium edge ; the Bilberry is short 

 but dominant, and associated with it are Ling, Cross-leaved 

 Heath, Cowberry [V. Vitis-idcea), Mat-grass and Hair-grass ; 

 the Crowberry is common, and also the Heath Rush. Higher 

 stid on the ill-drained ground Cotton grasses [Eriophorum 

 vaginatum and E. angustifolium) predominate. 



In a hollo .V bared of peat and much manured by sheep, 

 was noted a bright green carpet of Vernal grass and Bent grass, 

 together with a luxuriant form of Lady's bedstraw. The hollow 

 was obviously used for shelter by the sheep and furnished an 

 interesting example of a ' lair flora.' 



The screes near Cautley Spout provided a good illustration 

 of plant invasion and migratory association. The larger 

 stones of the scree are covered with lichens, the most frequent 

 being Lecidia geographica, L. prasiana, Cladonia sylvatica and 



1912 Sept, I. 



