Yorkshire Naturalists at Kirkby Stephen. 237 
The bedding plane is horizontal, but the usual vertical fractures 
have taken an irregular oblique direction at an angle of forty 
to forty-five degrees from the horizontal. Crossing Kitching 
Gill the whole series between the bottom of the Underset and 
the Main Limestone can be very fully and easily examined. 
On the top of the common the Main Limestone has weathered 
into pavement form, but here, unlike similar weathering in the 
Ingleborough district, the joints are filled up with soil, the debris 
of some vanishing deposit, and sustains a scanty vegetation. 
Those who went to the top of the Nine Standards were 
well repaid, but for examination of solid geology the many 
exposures in Rigg Beck were satisfactory. This stream rises 
in the Nine Standards, and affords a beautiful .example of 
how a fault is widening. Following the stream down it was 
curious to come across a self-sown forest of stunted and 
decaying larches, and to notice how on one side of the stream 
the heather mounted half way up the slopes, while on the 
other scarcely a plant could be found. Among the grits also 
was evidence of a Permian deposit in the soil which the rabbits 
had thrown up in their burrows, but perhaps one of the most 
interesting observations was an outcrop of Brockram along 
with the Great Scar Limestone. At this point there had 
evidently been a very big up-thrust, and at the junction 
between the two the crushing has been great, and well-formed 
quartz crystals as well as some of Fluor Spar, were common. 
The rocks were tilted at a very high angle, almost vertical, 
and the whole series of Great Scar Limestone crags was so 
arranged that they looked like a big serrated hog’s back 
against the skyline. 
Monday was chiefly devoted to an examination of the 
curious and beautiful cauldron and pot-hole structure in the 
Brockram in the neighbourhood of Stenkreth, finishing up 
by a visit to one of the quarries where this extraordinary 
material is being won for building purposes. 
The Brockram about Kirkby Stephen is much coarser in 
structure than that further north. It may be said to consist 
of angular pieces of limestone, many with corals intact, forming 
into a solid mass by a matrix apparently largely composed of 
Permian sands. Many of the pieces have faces several inches 
in length, and gives one the impression of a breccia having 
been artificially formed into a beautiful concrete in the quarry. 
It was noticed that the rock took much the form of a lime- 
stone rock in the way of joints, and although the evidence of 
stratification was almost absent, the material fairly readily 
split along definite horizontal lines, and in doing so paid no 
regard to the faces of the included fragments of limestone but 
sheared them right across. Our President and some others 
took an active part in these quarrying operations ! 
W EW. 
1913 June 1. 
