398 Anthropology at the British Association. 
supposed to leave his body and haunt the ghost of his victim, 
and if a person with the gift of seeing ‘spirits watches the two, 
he may shoot the soul of the murderer and thus account for 
his otherwise mysterious death. If a man sees his own soul 
it is regarded as foreshadowing his death. 
Miss M. A. Czaplicka read a paper on ‘ The Influence of 
Environment upon the Religious Ideas and Practices of the 
Aborigines of Siberia.’ The area dealt with may be divided 
into two definite geographical districts, the northern ‘ Arctic’ 
lowland and the southern ‘continental’ mountain regions. 
All over Siberia there exists the same shamanistic cult, differ- 
entiated by the influence of environment into two types 
agreeing with the geographical division. Miss Czaplicka’s 
paper illustrates the important doctrine that man’s development 
has always been in one certain direction, as modified by his 
environment and surroundings. 
“On the Differentiation of Man from Anthropoids,’ by 
Professor Carveth Read, endeavoured to show that all the 
prominent characters, functional and structural, that dis- 
tinguish man from the anthropoids, are the consequences of 
his special liking for animal food. If we suppose one of our 
anthropoid ancestors had a liking for animal food strong 
enough to lead him to persistently seek it, that this habit was 
useful by increasing the supply of food, and that it was 
inherited by his descendants, then by a series of stages differ- 
entiation would gradually follow leading up to man. 
Dr. H. Campbell, in ‘ The Factors which have Determined 
Man’s Evolution from the Ape,’ argued that this evolution 
had essentially been mental. It was the abandonment of an 
arboreal for a terrestrial life, in the search after animal food, 
which determined man’s evolution from the ape. The first 
employment of crude weapons created a new standard of 
mental fitness. Other contributory factors were polygamy, 
inter-tribal wars, and factors influencing the feelings. 
Another phase of evolution was dealt with by Dr. Lewis 
Robinson, who submitted, in ‘ The Relations of the Lower 
Jaw to Articulate Speech,’ that the characteristic prominent 
human chin was a necessity for articulate speech, for which 
the muscles of the tongue alone would not suffice. Professor 
Elliot Smith maintained that the jaw had not originally any 
connection with the power of articulating speech, and that 
man was already provided with the necessary equipment when 
he first began to speak. It was not the formation of the jaw 
which made speech possible, but the acquisition of speech 
which developed those features in the jaw. 
The results of the measurements of eight hundred and 
ninety-two skeletons before the Twelfth Dynasty, accurately 
dated, and of eight hundred and seven more vaguely dated, 
Naturalist, 
