Ecological Notes on two South Yorkshire Marshes. 413 
during such dry seasons as the past summer, parts of it can be 
explored. Here Juncus obtusiflorus is still dominant, but the 
ground is disputed by Carex riparia, C. vesicaria, and Cladium 
Mariscus, while Lythrum Salicaria and Rumex Hydrolapathum 
are strong contestants. 
On the eastern side of the pool is a clayey field with patches 
of Iris Pseudacorus in the wetter parts, together with Ginanthe 
Lachenalit and Juncus obtusiflorus, the latter being far less 
prominent here than on the other side. Scattered over the 
field is much Senecio aquaticus. Near the pool is a narrow 
belt of old alders, beneath which are Viburnum Opulus and 
Rhamnus Frangula. The edge of the pool is densely fringed 
with Cladium together with which are large masses of Carex 
viparia and vesicaria. Along with these are Scirpus Tabernae- 
montam and Typha angustifolia. Among the less prominent 
plants on this side of the pool are Anagallis tenella and 
Triglochin palusive. | In connection with the latter plant, it is 
worthy of note that the little tortricid moth, Ewpoecilia vectisana 
is common on the bog. Its usual habitat being salt marshes 
on the coast where the larva feeds on T. maritimum. This, 
together with S. Tabernaemontanit and Carex distans which 
occurs at Askern, suggests recent marine influence. 
The marsh at Kilham has a soil somewhat different from 
that at Askern. It is the remnant of one of the numerous 
‘fleets’ that prevailed around the level of Hatfield Chase 
previous to Vermuyden’s draining. The old bed of the river 
Torne, which is now confined to an artificial course, meandered 
through the marsh and was bounded on both sides by low 
banks of blown sand and gravel derived from the subjacent 
Bunter. Now the marsh occupies the left side of the river and 
is almost a quarter of a mile long and from a hundred to a 
hundred and fifty yards wide. Coarse pasture, chiefly Agrostis 
canina, Aira caespitosa and Dactylis, studded throughout with 
low bushes of Cvataegus, the latter supporting Rosa canina 
var. dumalis, Lonicera and Rubus rusticanus, occupy the dryer 
pastures, while the marsh itself is dominated by Glyceria 
aquatica. Following the swamp from the upper to the lower 
end one finds the grass land gradually changing to a juncus 
marsh, the dominants being J. conglomeratus and J. effusus, 
with J. lampocarpus in the wetter part. Along with these are 
Iris Pseudacorus, Carex of several species, Glyceria aquatica, 
Achillea Ptarmica and Senecio aquaticus. This association 
gradually changes to Glyceria aquatica and Carex vesicaria with 
Eriophorum angustifolium and Menyanthes as sub-dominants. 
Along with these is Zinanthe fistulosa, and, what appears to bea 
strange member of the association, byiza media. The rest of the 
marsh is entirely dominated by Glyceria aquatica, with the ex- 
ception of the wettest part where it yields place to G. fluitans. 
1913 Dec. 1, 
