126 Wood he ad : Classification of Alien Plan Is. 



II. Broug-ht into the country by the unconscious interxen- 

 tion of man, e.g., foreij^n weeds. 



(4) Archccophytes (Rikli), plants wliicli have occiuTcd con- 

 stantly with us since pre-historic times, originally, however, 

 growing- wild nowhere in the country, field and g^arden weeds, 

 e.g^. , Centanrea cyanus, Agrostenuna, Loliuni temnlentum, as 

 proved by Oswald Heer in the Lake Dwelling's (compare 9^^/, on 

 native species which gfo over to cultivated land). 



(rt) From cultivated land (true Archaeophytes). 



{b) Apophytic, g^one over to ruderal habitats {Papavcr sp. 

 Cenfaiirea cyaniis, &c.) 



(5) Neophytes (Rikli), denizens, relatively frequent and con- 

 stant in natural habitats, often associated with the native 

 veg-etation (e.g". , Erigeron annuns, Solidago serot'ina), and are 

 thus not dependent on the continued activity of man for their 

 persistence. 



(6) EpbkopJivtes (Rikli). Colonists. Of recent appearance, 

 more or less numerous and constant in the country, but confined 

 to artificial habitats (e.g., Lepidiuni riiderale on waste heaps). 

 They are so far dependent on man for their existence that their 

 habitats require constant renewal. Ripe seeds are produced, 

 but unless the g^round is prepared for them ihey die out, being- 

 unable to withstand the competition of hardier native species. 



(7) Ephemerophytes (Naeg-eli and Thellung;), casuals, -aliens. 

 Only a few and of casual occurrence, almost exclusivel}' in 

 artificial habitats. Owing- to climatic conditions the seeds do not 

 ripen, and the species disappear unless seeds are reintroduced. 



(rt) In cultivated land. Strangers, newly appearing; in cul- 

 tivated fields [Centaurea solstitidlis), clover and lucerne fields 

 {Anini/ nuijiis), cornfields {Vieid piuuionica, tS:c.), these after 

 a short time ag-ain disappear. 



[b) In ruderal habitats. Here belong, e.g., a great part of 

 the Railway flora {Lepidiuni perfo/idtiini, Tn'foliuni hippaeeiun). 



B. Apophytes. Originally wild in the country in natural 

 habitats, but later have g-one over to the- cultivated areas. 



i. Throug-h the conscious activity of man. 



(8) Oekiopliyles (Naeg-eli and Thellung). Nati\e cultivated 

 plants, raised as ornamental or economic plants, e.g"., Seilla 

 bifolia, Convallaria majalis (ornamental plants), R 11 bus idwiis, 

 Fnigaria vesca (economic plants). 



Naturalist. 



