254 Ilitid : Fi'ssil Zones in the ('(irhoni/lnnis Rocks. 



is our hij^hest Zone fossil. Below it comes the Zona of 

 Anthnicomya phillipsii, a most important zone, for it has been 

 found in nearly every I^ntjlish coal field. It characterises 

 300-400 feet of strata. In the upper part of this Zone a very 

 small shell Carbonicola vinti occurs, but at present this species 

 has only been found in the North .Staffordshire and Durham 

 Coal Fields. Antlirucomya pJiitlipsii occurs in the black band 

 ironstones, and its rang^e, as known at present, is from the Top 

 Red Mine ironstone to the Gubbin ironstone. The maximum of 

 Anthnicomya ivanii occurs, 600 feet below in the bed known as 

 the roof of the Wiiii^hay or Knowles coal. It is associated with 

 a rare form of NahuUtcs^ N. cloiigdla. 



Anthnicomya adamsii -And its varieties, and A. pulchra, occur 

 in a very narrow bed some 500 feet lower in the New Mine and 

 Burnwood ironstones. Carbonicola turgida denotes a well- 

 marked zone, 500 feet lower, and Carbonicola subconstricta is 

 often associated with this band some little way below the 

 Moss coal. 500 feet lower is the Zone of Carbonicola robust a, 

 but this species g"oes down to the base of the coal measures. 

 200 feet lower comes Antliracomya modiolaris in the Holly Lane 

 coal. 100 feet lower is the Zone of Antliracomya ivilliamsoni 

 and Carbonicola niiciilaris in the roof of the Hard Mine 

 coal. 400 feet below is the Zone of Carbonicola acuta or 

 rather of its peculiar variety, C. acuta var. rJiomboidalis, for 

 the latter are a more definite Zonal index than the species 

 itself. 500 feet lower is the well-known band with the marine 

 fauna found in the Hard bed coal — Gastriocetas listcri, 

 Dimorphoceras gilbcrtsoni, Pterinopectcn papyracens. The marine 

 bands of the North Staffordshire Coal Field are described in a 

 paper by Mr. J. T. Stobbs and myself in Quar. Jour. Gcol. Soc, 

 Vol. LXI., pp. 495-547, and I shall do no more here than refer 

 to the position of them with reg'ard to the Zonal species men- 

 tioned above. Eleven marine bands are noted in our paper. 



The hig^hest is that known as the roof of the Bay or Lady 

 coal, which occurs about 48 feet above the bed with Anthnicomya 

 wardi. The bed to be mentioned next, which occurs a few feet 

 below the Knowles coal, contains only Lingula mvtilotdcs and 

 Orbiculoidea nitida, but Pterinopectcn papyraceus is found in the 

 hij^her one, and is, as far as we know' at present, the latest 

 appearance of this species, which is characteristic of the whole 

 of the Upper Carboniferous below this horizon. It occurs in 

 beds which rest on the uppermost Limestones of Zone I)., of the 

 Lower Carboniferous. The next marine band, and (he one 



Naiiiralist, 



