8 



the nearly full-fed larvae in the autumn, but it was very rarely that 

 any of us were rewarded by even a single moth in the spring, and it 

 was commonly supposed that our want of success was due to the 

 majority of the larva? that we obtained being ichneumoned ; and, 

 disgusted with our luck, we turned our attention to more profitable 

 species. This all happened a long while ago. But in 1900 I 

 thought I would make another attempt at rearing the species, and 

 obtained some fifty pupa? from Sussex, with the result that ten moths 

 came out in 1901, eleven in 1902, two in 1903, and five in 1904, and 

 there may still be more to come.* It is, therefore, very evident that 

 our want of success in our earlier attempts was due to our stupidity 

 in throwing away the pupae, rather than to the supposed ichneumons. 

 Other species that I have found to lie over include Emmeksia albu- 

 lata, of which a number of pupae received from Forres in 1888 pro- 

 duced four moths in 1889 and twenty-one in 1890. Eupitheda 

 togata pupae from Forres in 1888 produced eleven moths in 1889 

 and three in 1890. E. venosata, from Shetland in 1895, produced 

 twenty-five moths in 1896 and one in 1897, an d pupae of 1896 pro- 

 duced twenty-eight moths in 1897 and two in 1898. Thirteen pupae 

 of E. pygmceata from Wicken in 1902 gave six moths in 1903 and 

 five in 1904; and from Kentish Biston hirtaria fed up in 1877, 

 twenty-six moths were reared in 1878 and twenty-four in 1879, while 

 another brood fed up in 1878 gave twenty-seven moths in 1879 and 

 one in 1880. 



Thus far I have dealt only with species that in the ordinary course 

 of things feed up during the spring and summer months, pupate in 

 the summer or autumn, and produce imagines in the spring or 

 summer of the following year, in other words species that hibernate 

 as pupae. It may therefore not be uninteresting to mention a single 

 instance that came under my notice of a species that habitually 

 hibernates as an ovum, lying through the winter as a pupa. In 

 April, 1896, I received a few ova of Trichiura cratcegi from Sussex, 

 which hatched in due course ; the larvae fed up, pupated at the end 

 of June, and in August and September the moths came forth, except 

 one, which did not emerge until July, 1897. 



Then we have the case of double-brooded species, in which a 

 portion of the pupae resulting from the spring larvae, instead of pro- 

 ducing moths in the late summer, lie over until the following spring. 

 These are well illustrated by the following : Zonosoma punctaria, fed 

 up in July, 1899, produced about fifty moths in August of that year, 

 but two pupae remained over the winter, and the moths emerged in 

 May, 1900. Z. orbicularia, fed up in August, 18S7, produced 

 twenty-four moths in September of that year and an exactly equal 

 number in May and June, 1888. Z. a unit lata, fed up in June, 1879, 

 produced seventeen moths in August of that year and three in April, 

 1880. And I might also mention a brood of Melanippe sociata, 



* Two moths also emerged in 1905, after this note was written. 



