1738 wrote a treatise in thirteen parts, illustrated with numerous 

 plates, entitled, " Descriptions of all sorts of Insects." In this work 

 are detailed observations of insects of all orders, apparently as they 

 were met with by the author. He also introduces accounts of the 

 work of various naturalists who had preceded him. 



Swammerdam was a native of Holland, and wrote a somewhat 

 similar book to those of the last two authors, which was, however, 

 not issued until 1738, after the death of the author. It was entitled 

 the " Bible of Nature," and contained numerous plates of crude 

 figures. 



These works were well received, went through various editions, 

 and were translated into several languages. 



Turning to the works of the pencil rather than the pen, we will 

 first mention those of Madam Merian. This lady was a native of 

 Holland, and in 1679 published in Amsterdam a work in Latin, 

 entitled, " The Origin, Food, and Strange Metamorphoses of Cater- 

 pillars." This work contained many, more or less commendable, 

 figures of Lepidoptera in their various stages. A subsequent work 

 on the " Insects of Surinam " had considerably better illustrations. 



Another Dutch author, Christian Sepp, commenced a work in 

 1715, entitled "Illustrations of the Wonders of God," which con- 

 tains figures and detailed observations on the insects of his native 

 land. Many of his figures are masterpieces of skill, and being 

 arranged around the sprays of a plant form attractive artistic groups. 

 This work was continued at intervals by various authors for about 

 150 years; the last volume appearing in i860. 



Roesel von Rosenhof was a miniature painter of Nuremberg, who, 

 like Madam Merian and Sepp, depicted his insects from life, 

 making minute and careful observations on them as they lived and 

 moved, and using his trained skill to give life-like appearance to the 

 drawings he produced. His work " Insecten-Belustigung " appeared 

 from 1746 to 1 761 in monthly parts, as also did Sepp's work. 



At the end of the seventeenth century Jacob Petiver, an English- 

 man, commenced a long series of plates of figures of birds, beasts, 

 fish, etc., which Kirby says are perhaps the first really important con- 

 tribution to general Entomology. Many of the figures are very good. 



Connected with this pre-Linna^an period we must not omit to 

 mention the attempt at classification made by the English pioneer 

 in nature study, John Ray, whose name and memory are ever with 

 us in the admirable series of books issued by the Ray Society each 

 year. Ray's " History of Insects" was issued in the year 17 10. It 

 was replete with a large number of reliable observations, and was an 

 admirable contribution at the time to the study of the British fauna. 

 His classification of butterflies is very quaint : 



1. Day-fliers, with yellow wings, or yellow and black wings : 

 mac/iaon, r/iamm, Ziya/e, etc. 



2. White butterflies, or variegated white and black or white and 

 yellow : brassicce, cardamines, rafta, galathea, etc. 



