19 



The fruit of Campanula is, again, inferior, and the dehiscence is 

 by pores. In one species (PI. VIII, fig. 27) the fruits stand up- 

 right, and it will be seen that the pores are near their apex. In 

 another species (PI. VIII, fig. 28) the pores are right at the base, 

 and if the fruits were upright as in the previous case, the seeds would 

 all run out as soon as they were liberated on ripening. However, 

 it will be noticed that the stems have bent round, so that the seeds 

 are only liberated when the plant is shaken. This brings me to the 

 end of the dry fruits. 



We come now to consider the succulent fruits. 



These are produced by the walls of the ovary becoming more or 

 less juicy or fleshy. Sometimes we can distinguish three layers 

 or regions in this wall. For example, in a plum we have the 

 outer tough skin, then a fleshy layer, and finally a hard layer, the 

 stone, enclosing the seed. Such a fruit is called a drupe or stone 

 fruit. 



In the almond we have a slightly different arrangement of the 

 walls of the fruit. The two outer layers previously mentioned, which 

 are not well differentiated as in the plum, form an outer coat, and 

 this splits along the ventral suture (PI. VIII, fig. 29), and later on 

 falls off, leaving exposed the innermost layer or stone (PI. VIII, fig. 

 30). This is not a real dehiscence of the fruit, as the seed is not 

 liberated, but remains enclosed in the stone which is part of the wall 

 of the carpel. 



The walnut is not a true drupe as it is inferior, and it is formed 

 from an originally compound ovary, but it is very similar to the 

 drupe in its composition. 



In the bramble the separate carpels develop into little drupes or 

 drupels. 



The berry is familiar as the fruit of the gooseberry and currant. 

 Here we have the tough outer layer or skin, with the two inner layers, 

 together with the placentas on which the seeds are formed, as the 

 succulent inner portion. Here the hard bodies in the interior are 

 the seeds. 



Although a true berry is an inferior fruit the name "berry" is applied 

 to many fruits of a pulpy nature, such as we find in the deadly night- 

 shade, etc. 



The fruits of the rose present a little difficulty. The hip (PL VIII, 

 fig. 31) is really a concave fleshy receptacle which bears the carpels. 

 The longitudinal section shows the true fruits, which should be 

 described as achenes ; so the hips are not fruits, but contain these 

 in their interior. 



The apple presents a somewhat similar difficulty, but here the 

 carpels, instead of being free, are united together and are enclosed 

 in the fleshy tube of the calyx. 



When we come to the conifers we find a good deal of difference 

 among authorities as to the morphology of the different structures. 

 There is no closed ovary, and opinions are divided as to whether we 



