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Ratzeburg, of Berlin, is another of the earher specialists. His 

 life's work was the production of the huge book on " Forest Insects," 

 dealing with all orders and figuring many species in various stages. 

 For many years this was the standard work of reference throughout 

 Europe for all those connected with forestry. It has gone through 

 many editions. 



As worthy successors to Linne and Fabricius in the Scandinavian 

 Peninsular we get Zetterstedt and Tengstrom. Zetterstedt, a Swede, 

 published in 1840 a monograph of tlie " Insects of Lapland," a good 

 foundation for work in the far north. Tengstrom was a native of 

 Finland, and in 1847 published an account of the Lepidoptera of his 

 native land, a work containing much original observation, more 

 particularly valuable as coming from a region practically unknown 

 and difficult of access. Some twenty years later he published a 

 " Catalogue of Finland Lepidoptera," with notes. 



The turmoil of the early nineteenth century was not conducive to 

 much earnest systematic study on the Continent. People of all 

 ranks had as much as they could do to live, and very little time and 

 opportunity could be utilised m the study of zoology. Particularly 

 was this so in France. Still, as the century proceeded we get the 

 results of one or two indefatigable workers. 



Latreille, Professor at the Paris Museum of Natural History, a 

 great student of all orders and a voluminous writer, was one of the 

 first to see that the work of Linnaaus, on account of the vast increase 

 in the number of species known, must be modified. He saw that 

 characters important in one group were of only secondary impor- 

 tance in other groups. Linne had considered wings as affording the 

 best characters. Latreille employed dissection in all his work, and 

 his collection of preparations of coleopterous insects, with his notes 

 and sketches, were secured for the Hope Museum at Oxford, where 

 they may be still seen. 



In 1820 Godart commenced his " Natural History of the Lepido- 

 ptera of France," which at his death was continued by Duponchel, 

 and completed in fifteen volumes in 1842. For many years it was 

 the standard work in France. The letterpress is fairly good, but the 

 plates certainly do not reach the perfection of those of Hiibner. 

 Uuponchel supplemented this by an illustrated work on the " Larvae 

 of European Lepidoptera." 



Boisduval amassed a huge collection, and about the same period 

 as Duponchel was issuing his " Lepidoptera of France " was bringing 

 out a work on the larvae, and in 1844 wrote an important classifica- 

 tory "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Europe." Previously to this 

 he had published a series of plates of European Lepidoptera, but, 

 on the whole, although his knowledge of species was most extensive, 

 he but little appreciated the value of characters from a systemic 

 point of view. 



One of the most valuable additions to the study of European 

 Heterocera was the work of Guenee, who, in continuation of Bois- 



