28 



duval's work, from 1852-57 wrote six volumes, comprising the 

 Noctuids, Deltoides and Pyrales, Uranides and Phalenites. With his 

 classification of the first of these groups, the Noctuids, many of us 

 are familiar practically, since it formed the basis of the famous 

 " Doubleday List." The Noctuids were divided into groups and 

 families, and many genera were founded. Although the work was 

 well done it was much over-estimated, especially in this country. 



Perhaps the best all-round entomologist France has produced was 

 Milliere, a member of the Society of Lyons. He was a close 

 observer and a splendid delineator, and for many years, at short 

 intervals, issued his observations on various species of Lepidoptera, 

 including many micros. The plates are admirably executed, and 

 his three volumes of " Iconography " are considered very valuable 

 additions to a library. They were completed in 1874. 



As many present-day entomologists are studying the Lepidopterous 

 fauna of Switzerland mention must be made of Frey, a Professor at 

 Zurich. He was a great friend of Stainton, and his name appears 

 on the title-page of the " Natural History of the Tiiieijia," in 

 conjunction with those of Stainton, Zeller, and Douglas. A micro- 

 lepidopterist of the first order, he wrote in 1858 the "Tinea and 

 Pterophori of Switzerland," just in the period when lepidopterists 

 seemed to vie with each other in issuing books on their favourite 

 study, and the number of students was increasing by leaps and 

 bounds. Subsequently, he wrote a work on the " Lepidoptera of 

 Switzerland," which is to-day scarcely out of date. 



In Russia the only entomologist of much importance was Prof. 

 Eversmann, who wrote in 1844 a work on the " Lepidopterous Fauna 

 of the Ural- Volga Provinces," the result of twenty-five years' residence 

 and observation. This work is of much value intrinsically, and also 

 because of its rarity, a very large proportion of the impression 

 having been destroyed by fire. Eversmann contributed for many years 

 valuable papers, monographs, etc., to the "Memoires" and "Bulletin" 

 of the Moscow Society of Naturalists. This periodical began as far 

 back as 1829, and Eversmann's first communication is dated 1831. 



But my paper is growing too long. Yet it seems necessary to 

 note the marvellous output of entomological literature in the period 

 1850 to i860, the culmination of a half-century of gradually increasing 

 study and interest. Not only were a vast number of works of scientific 

 value issued, but the prices of the volumes were now by no means 

 exclusive, owing partly to many authors devoting their attention solely 

 to one order or even to only a section, partly to the spread of 

 education, and partly to the increasing facility of communication. 

 Perhaps, with your permission, a critical review of the works brought 

 out in and about that decade may form the subject of a future paper. 

 In conclusion, I wish to thank those gentlemen who, by bringing 

 many of the works mentioned, have so very kindly helped to make 

 a paper, which savours more of the study than of the green fields 

 and blue sky, acceptable to you. 



