THE IRON ORE SUPPLY OF THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSULA. Boo 
them Tophus Tubalcaini, after Tubal Cain, the first blacksmith. But their 
importance has been decreasing as the iron manufacture has become a 
great industry. 
The ores of Group 1 (Archean, crystalline schists) were next utilised. 
Owing to the absence of phosphorus, which characterised a part of these 
ores, and to other excellent qualities, they were for centuries the only 
ores that were mined in Sweden, and they have been the raw material of 
the Swedish iron that has won world-wide renown. The supply of the 
ores of this kind, free from phosphorus, is already to a great extent con- 
sumed, and that which is left is very limited. 
The ores belonging to Group 2 (ores connected with porphyries) could 
not for a long time be utilised on account of their high percentage of 
phosphorus. Besides that, the situation of the deposits in the extreme 
north of the Scandinavian Peninsula deterred from mining enterprises. 
Some of the deposits belonging to this group are among the greatest 
in the world. Thanks to the basic refining methods, they have now 
gained great importance having however as yet chiefly given rise to ore 
export ona large scale. These ores, rich in phosphorus, are also more 
and more utilised for the Swedish iron industry. 
Group 3.—These ores are chemically characterised by a high amount 
of titanium, making them very difficult to reduce. They have hitherto 
been made use of only on a very small scale, and it does not seem likely 
that this state of things will change as long as there is an ample supply 
of better ores. Vast deposits of these ores occur in Sweden as well as in 
Norway. 
Group 4 (ores in the metamorphosed Cambro-Silurian)._-The ores 
included in this group occur only in the metamorphosed Silurian forma- 
tion of Norway. They are characterised by a low percentage of iron, 
and have not as yet been utilised for the Scandinavian iron industry, but 
preparations are going on for mining and exporting them to England 
and Germany on a large scale, after subjecting them to magnetic 
concentration. 
The ores belonging to Group 5 have a limited distribution within the 
Silurian and Archean rocks of the Christiania field. They may be 
considered as of no practical importance. 
Ore Supply.—The Scandinavian countries, especially Sweden, have 
been from ancient times regarded as very rich in iron ores. Swedenborg 
gives expression to this opinion when saying, ‘Mars per omnes Sueciz 
provincias sparsus est.’ This view has arisen from the fact that a famous 
iron manufacture was carried on in Sweden during centuries without the 
known ore supplies showing any sign of failing, or even of being strongly 
exploited. The conclusion that the ore supplies should last for an un- 
limited future is, however, not well founded. In former times, up to 
1870, the output of iron ore required for the home manufacture was so 
insignificant that one must sum up all the output of the mines during 
perhaps four or five centuries to get a quantity that will balance the 
production during a few decades of later time. And since from the 
beginning of the last decade of the nineteenth century a great exportation 
vf iron ore commenced, which increased with every year, it is probable 
that the output of iron ore in Sweden during a few years at present is 
equivalent to the whole output of the Swedish mines during four hundred 
to five hundred years before 1870. 
Several attempts to make quantitative estimations of the iron ore 
