ON ANTHROPOMETRIC INVESTIGATION IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 363 
It will add much to the value of the portraits if the same persons 
have also been measured. 
C. FULL-LENGTH PortRaIts. 
At least twelve adults of each sex should also be photographed at full 
length, standing, with heels together and arms by the sides. They should 
be as nearly nude as circumstances permit, and each should be photo- 
graphed in three positions :— 
(a) Full-face, with the right arm hanging loosely by the side and the 
left held across the body between the breasts and the navel, with the 
fingers extended. 
(b) Profile with arms hanging loosely by the side. 
(c) Back view, with arms in the same position as in (6). 
Of these the full-face view is the most important, and the back view 
the least important. 
For general directions as to pose, &c., see below. 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 
Camera and Lens.—In all cases record should be kept of the focal 
distance of the lens and of the distance of the sitter from the camera. 
A lens of short focus should be avoided. The ordinary field camera 
is usually fitted with a lens of about 8 inches focal length, but for cabinet 
portraits nothing under 15 inches is satisfactory, and professional photo- 
graphers often use lenses of considerably longer focus. Valuable results 
may even be obtained with a telephotographic lens such as is employed in 
geographical work. . 
Rapidity of lens and plates is an advantage : uncivilised folk are im- 
patient subjects. But note that very rapid plates are often too delicate 
for field-work. 
The focussing screen must be kept vertical, and the swing-back 
should on no account be used in fodussing. Otherwise distortion of the 
image is inevitable. 
Size and Scale.—The portraits should be on such a scale that the 
distance between the top of the head and the bottom of the chin shall in 
no case be less than 1} inch (30 mm.). Smaller portraits are of com- 
paratively little value. 
For composite work greater uniformity of scale is required. The best 
results are obtained when the distances between eyes and lips are taken 
as the constant dimensions. 
In every series it is more important that the portraits should be of 
uniform scale among themselves than that they should be precisely of any 
standard scale, but the following hints will aid in securing the latter 
result also :— 
FULL-LENeTH Portraits. 
A full-grown man can be photographed easily at full length on a ‘ half- 
plate’ (83"’ x 63/’) on the scale of ;L, and ona ‘ quarter-plate’ (43”’ x 32"’) 
on the scale of 4. But ‘half-plate’ and ‘quarter-plate’ are both just 
too small to admit head-and-shoulders portraits on the scale of 1 and 
¢ respectively. ; 
Note, however, that the Ecole d’Anthropologie de Paris has adopted the 
scale of 35 (=,85= 7) for full-length work, the object being to secure 
