554, TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION D. 
and another, Newrosporidium cephalodisci, from the nervous system of Cephalo- 
discus. 
A typical Haplosporidian begins its developmental cycle as a small, rounded, 
uninucleate cell, the spore, which may possess a spore-membrane but is un- 
differentiated internally. Growth takes place, coupled with an increase in the 
number of nuclei and a ‘ plasmodial’ stage is reached. Later, this multinucleate 
trophozoite becomes divided into a number of ovoid or spherical ‘ pansporoblasts, 
which give rise directly to one (as in Bertramia) or four simple spores (as in 
Haplosporidium scolopli and H. marchouxi). Such a spore, when set free, begins 
the life-cycle again. 
In the case of Rhinosporidium and Neurosporidium, after the uninucleate spore 
has grown into a multinucleate trophozoite, the latter segments into uninucleate 
pansporoblasts, just as in the preceding cases. A difference then occurs, for each 
pansporoblast enlarges, its nuclens divides, and a ‘ spore-morula’ is formed. We 
thus have a multinucleate pansporoblast or spore-morula, divided into many uni- 
nucleate sporoblasts (spore mother-cells), each of which, without further change, 
becomes a uninucleate spore. 
On this account, Ridewood and Fantham have divided the Haplosporidia into 
two sections :— 
(i) The Polysporulea, wherein the pansporoblast gives rise to a number of 
spores (nine or more)—e.g., Rhinosporidium, Neurosporidium. 
(ii) The Oligosporulea, wherein the pansporoblasts give rise each to a few 
(four) spores, or only a single spore—e.g., Haplosporidiwm, Bertramia, Ceelo- 
sporidium. 
Mesnil in a recent review has suggested that Calosporidiwm, from the body- 
cavity of the Cladoceran Chydorus, does not belong to the Oligosporulea, but merits 
a separate section (Holosporulea), since the whole organism becomes one ‘ spore.’ 
But on referring to the published accounts of Colosporidium we find that this 
one spore, so-called, encysts and consists at first of many nuclei embedded in a 
mass of undivided protoplasm, but this protoplasmic mass Jater divides into 
numerous uninucleate small corpuscles, 2u to 4 long, which are gymnospores 
and are comparable to the true spores of the Haplosporidia. Probably the same 
will be found to occur in the cysts of Caullerya mesnili (Chatton), when its life- 
history is more completely known. In the present state of our knowledge the 
section Holosporulea seems hardly necessary. 
7. The Movements of Spirochetes, as seen in 8. balbianii and 8. anodont. 
By H. B. Fanruam, B.Sc., A.K.C.S. 
The Spirochetes are small unicellular organisms belonging to Haeckel’s 
kingdom, Protista. Their general shape is that of a long, narrow, sinuous thread. 
S. balbianti, which occurs in the crystalline style and gut of the oyster, is from 
5Oy to 1504 long, and 2u to 8y broad. Its breadth is almost uniform, and its 
ends are rounded. &S. anodonte, from the crystalline style of Anodonta cygnea 
and .A. mutabilis, is from 35 to 50u long, and 0°74 to 1p broad. The ends of 
S. anodonte are pointed. 
Both these organisms possess a structure characteristic of the genus Spirocheta, 
namely, an ‘undulating’ membrane, whichis a spirally wound, lateral extension 
of the ectoplasmic periplast, and which is seen on careful staining to be longi- 
tudinally striated. These striations in the membrane may be called myonemes, 
and are contractile. The membrane also possesses a chromatic border. The 
nucleus is diffuse, and is in the form of a centrally placed spiral filament, with 
about sixty bars or rodlets of chromatin arranged on it at more or less regular 
intervals. 
Previousaccounts of the movements of these organisms are most meagre, and yet 
descriptions of such are very necessary to aid in determining between this genus, 
Spirocheta, and that of Spirillum. Such a study would be of the utmost 
