626 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION G. 
2. Notes on the Governing of Hydraulic Turbines.' 
By Rozerr 8. Bau, Assoc.M.Inst.C.L. 
This paper dealt with the problems involved in the speed control of hydraulic 
turbines for the range of head of 2 to 3,018 feet, under which turbines are at work 
throughout the world, and was particularly intended to apply to hydro-electric 
installations. All hydraulic regulators may be divided into two classes as 
follows :— 
(1) Disengagement governors (mechanical), which come into action when an 
assigned departure from the normal speed is attained, being otherwise out of gear 
with the gate-controlling mechanism. 
(2) Continuous governors (mechanical and hydraulic), which are always con- 
nected to the gate-controlling mechanism and which begin to operate through 
the mechanism upon the gate at the moment the speed rises or falls from the 
normal. 
Mechanical governors are of many kinds, such as the Hartford, Gilkes, 
Replogle and others described in the paper, all of which operate upon the con- 
trolling gates through a system of gearing or mechanism actuated by the pendulum 
governor. The power to drive these governors is taken from the turbine usually, 
but is also sometimes obtained from an independent source, as in a large hydro- 
electric installation. Hydraulic governors are so called because water or oil 
under pressure is employed in closed cylinders to actuate the gates, the valves 
being controlled by the pendulum governor. These governors take various forms, 
such as the Bell, Gilles, and Escher Wyss, according to the type of wheel they 
are set to control. Where the hydrostatic pressure is sufficient it is used directly 
in the hydraulic cylinders, but for turbines working under low falls auxiliary 
oil-pumps are used to provide the necessary pressure for actuating the water 
gates. There are three forms of gate to which governing mechanism is applied: 
(1) movable turbine vanes ; (2) a circular gate between the runners and the guide 
vanes ; (3) nozzles such as are used for Pelton wheels and other impulse turbines 
acting under high heads. 
The function of the fly-wheel, as distinguished from the governor, was dis- 
cussed, the former being a mode of keeping the angular acceleration low when the 
balance is upset between the driving torque and the resistances opposed to it, 
while the latter is intended to re-adjust the balance. ‘The cyclic variations of 
angular velocity encountered with some forms of heat engine, especially the 
internal-combustion engine, are absent in the hydraulic plant, which results in a 
saving in the flywheel capacity, though for impulse turbines it is sometimes 
necessary to increase the moment of inertia by the addition of a fly-wheel. 
The action of hydraulic governors was described and the paper illustrated by 
eleven figures and diagrams plotted from the results of tests. 
3. Lhe Ice Problem in Engineering Work in Canada.? 
By Professor Howarp T. Barnes, D.Sc., LRS.C. 
In Canada the physicist has excellent opportunity to study on a grand scale 
the operation of the natural laws governing the formation of ice in the many 
forms met with in the large and often turbulent rivers. To the engineer the 
problem is more serious, for the development of the vast water powers of the 
country must include means for combating the ice troubles which arise each 
winter. The conditions which must be met during the winter months are some- 
times very serious, when ice is forming rapidly, and ice-bridges, dams, and shoves 
may change the whole character of the levels and channels in a single night. 
Rivers are known to have been turned entirely out of their course to seek new 
channels during a winter of unusual severity, and in some instances the reversal 
} Published in eatenso in Engineering, August 16 and 23. 
? Published, with illustrations, in Zagineering, August 9. 
