TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 643 
From a consideration of various ethnographical and historical points of evidence, 
the following conclusions with regard to the population of the district are reached :— 
The aborigines of the Kwilu were, in all probability, the Ba-Samba, Ba-Songo, 
Wa-Ngongo, and possibly the Ba-Bunda, the Ba-Yaka, extending from the 
Kwango to the Inzia. 
The Ba-Yanzi moved down from the north, occupying peacefully a country 
which was as yet very sparsely inhabited. 
The Ba-Pindi arrived next, from the upper Kwango, occupying the country 
from the Inzia to the Loange, and reaching as far north as 5°30 south. 
Almost immediately the Ba-Mbala were forced up from their home on the 
headwaters of the Kwengo, between the Ba-Yaka and Ba-Pindi. 
This movement had its origin in troubles further south, the ultimate cause being 
the Ba-Djoke (Kioko, Kioque, Chiboque: applying pressure to the Ba-Lua, who, 
in their turn, attacked the Ba-Mbala and drove them north, 
At the same time a tribe of Ba-Yaka revolted from their great chief and 
spread eastwards to the Lukula; shortly afterwards the Ba-Huana, coming from 
the north —probably the region of Stanley Pool—cut through the Northern Ba- 
Mbala, and occupied the banks of the Kwilu. Then followed the arrival of the 
Ba-Kwese from the Upper Kwango: these people occupied the two shores of the 
Upper Kwilu, pushing in between the Ba-Mbala and Ba-Pindi. Being a people 
amongst whom the tribal feeling is very strong, they had probably forced their 
way through the sterile country occupied by the Ba-Lua. They were stopped in 
the north by the Ba-Bunda, Ba-Pindi, and Ba-Mbala; probably their arrival was 
the cause of the extension of the Ba-Pindi to the Kasai, where they were” found 
by Wissmann. About this time a section of those Ba-Yaka already “established 
on the Lukula appeared to have forced their way through the Ba-Mbala east- 
wards, crossing the Kwilu somewhere near the present site of Michakila, fighting 
the Ba-Mbala, Ba-Pindi, and Ba-Huana. 
Further fighting resulted in the Ba-Pindi, who in this neighbourhood are very 
warlike, cutting off the eastern section of Ba-Yaka, which now appears as an 
enclave, The section of the country in the extreme north of the Southern Ba- 
Mbala territory seems to have belonged at no very remote date to. the last-men- 
tioned branch of the Ba-Yaka. i 
The enclave of Ba-Huana to the west of the main body seems to have been 
formed at the same time, and as a result of the same troubles, In fact, the mouth 
of me Kwengo appears to have been at this period the focus of deadly inter-tribal 
strife. 
Then followed the later movements of the Ba-Kwese (related in detail in a 
section dealing with that people) which resulted in theirabandoning the right bank 
of the Kwilu, succeeded by the driving back of the Ba-Djoke, who had meanwhile 
penetrated as far north as the sixth degree of S. latitude, and the laying waste of 
the strip of territory which now separates them from the Ba-Lua and Ba-Pindi, 
7. Considerations on the Origin of Totemism. By G. UL. Gomme, F.S.A, 
Totemism must have arisen from conditions of human life which were 
universal. These conditions are supplied by the migrations by which man had 
spread all over the world. Migrations left the sexes differently constituted, the 
male being the moving element, the female the stationary element. Women in 
this way became more intimately associated with friendly animals, plants, and 
trees, and looked to them for food and protective power rather than to the males. 
This produced a sex-cleavage. Women influenced the totem names given to 
children, of which the Arunta system in Australia and the Semang system in 
the Malay Peninsula may be taken as instances, Natural exogamy arises from 
difference in totems between the fathers and the mothers. Totemism began as an 
artificial association of groups of people, and was not based on a kinship society. 
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