718 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION L. 
recognition of superior ability and attainment by means of a special status, 
carrying with it a fixed emolument. 
The difficulty of the existing situation is largely caused by the fact that these 
two principles are in confusion. Open competition has naturally resulted in the 
bestowal of emoluments on candidates who distinguish themselves in the examina- 
tion, but may or may not be deserving of financial assistance. 
In devising a solution of this difficulty two things must be borne in mind. 
Firstly, it is wost important that students needing such assistance should not be 
separated from those who deem the distinction worth winning for its own sake, 
but cannot, except in a very few cases, bring themselves to refuse the emoluments. 
Secondly, it is important that the distinction should not be entirely dissociated 
from the money grant which seals its value. 
A possible reform would be to reduce the money value of all scholarships to 
something quite nominal, but sufficient to serve as a symbol of the intellectual 
distinction. 
The remainder of scholarship revenue might then be converted into augmenta- 
tion funds from which grants would be made privately in full proportion to need. 
Experience already gained in administering small funds both at school and uni- 
versity shows that such an augmentation of nominal scholarships, though 
involving delicate investigations and sometimes difficult decisions, would not be 
impracticable even on a very large scale. 
MONDAY, AUGUST 5. 
The following Report and Papers were read :— 
1. Report on the Curricula of Secondary Schools.—-See Reports, p. 422. 
2, Education and Evolution, By Rev. A. E. Craw ey, IA. 
Though the literature of education during the last fifty years has been volu- 
minous, the problems of education have never been examined on a sufficiently 
large induction of facts, and the biological and evolutionary point of view has 
been entirely ignored. 
The principles which underlie the education of to-day are entirely unsatis- 
factory: they are fortuitous, traditional, or opportunist. (1) The curriculum 
is overcrowded with subjects; many of these are not educational, in the proper 
sense, for real life; (2) the results are nil; vulgarity, squalor, obscenity, hooli- 
ganism, seem to increase with the education of the lower orders, while general 
capacity and power of thought have not increased. 
Individuality is actually destroyed. From a study of the subject in its 
anthropological and psychological aspects, and from a long practical experience 
of teaching, it would appear that— 
1. The education of a savage child is at once practical and liberal, and offers 
valuable lessons for our purpose. 
2. Education should make, not good workmen, clerks, or citizens, but men. 
8. The biological significance of childhood is all-important; the child represents 
the future of the race in two senses of the phrase. The superficial and immediate 
meaning is obvious, but the other and deeper meaning, which is not generally 
understood, is that in terms of evolution the child is higher in the scale of 
development than the adult, just as the infant ape is much nearer to man than 
the adult ape. 
4, The importance of physical culture and athletics is not sufficiently under- 
stood. The neuro-muscular system is at present either not exercised, or exercised 
improperly, or overworked. 
a 
