PRESENT STATE OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 97 
Anticyclones. 
| Winter Summer 
N. E. s. W. Mean | Mean 
| Pea ead | act om bog |. og 
Surface about 60m. . | 787 T4:7 T44 76:3 76:2 | 89:5 
lkm, . : : 52 || eign 70:0 711 75:2 Ta Qe ee S24 
Dey. ee SIM OR TS MG 4g 68:4 72:7 702 1T3 
3) eae : : : 663 604 65:3 68°8 66:2 Vipkey | 
‘2 See A ‘ efor ie Ipeane. 7) 60°5 63°6 61:3 | 68:4 | 
i A : . | 544 49:7 55:0 574 | 55:2 | 62-1 
Cyclones. 
Surface ; a Se ees) 175 798 78:8 77-0 88°7 
1lkm.. c og Geel, 74:2 74:2 72:4 72:2 81:7 
2) a 5 | FO7 68°4 68°8 66°4 67:1 75-2 
3) ee p F sigller CXR. 63:2 63:1 58:9 616 69-7 
Biro - : ‘ | 59-4 57:1 575 | 525 | 55-4 64-7 | 
bs | 53-4 50°6 511 48:2 49°3 588 | 
These results indicate that on the average the cyclones are colder 
than the anticyclones both in winter and in summer, the principal 
difference of temperature being found in the W. quadrant, while in the 
K. quadrant in winter cyclones are actually warmer than anticyclones. 
This is due partly to the fact that the cyclones have their lowest mean 
temperature in this quadrant and partly to the fact that on the whole 
anticyclones have their highest mean temperature in the same quadrant. 
The N. quadrant of the cyclone is throughout very considerably 
warmer than the E. quadrant of the anticyclone, indicating that the 
direction of the gradient between these two regions would be reversed at 
moderate heights. For example, if the surface pressures were 750, 760 
mm., the pressures over the two regions at 5 km. would be the same, 
396 mm. nearly. 
Berson deduced from the manned-balloon ascents the following 
values for the height of the 0° C. isotherm for different pressure distribu- 
tions :— 
Front of - Back of Front of Back of 
Anticyclone Anticyclone Anticyclone Cyclone Cyclone 
Height . ; 2850 2800 1580 2390 1120 m. 
If ‘front’ and ‘back’ be taken to be the same as E. and W. the 
results agree with those of Grenander for cyclones, although the difference 
is considerably greater. But for anticyclones the difference between 
“front ’ and ‘ back’ is exactly the reverse of Grenander’s results, and 
is much more accentuated. Grenander’s results, however, refer to the 
winter, and the majority of the manned-balloon ascents were made in 
summer. 
Hanzlik,' using chiefly mountain observations, has arrived at the 
interesting conclusion that in the layers up to 3 km. at least, anticyclones 
in Europe are of two kinds. Some are warmer and others colder than 
the normal. 
A warm anticyclone is either the later development of an anticyclone, 
' Denkschrift, Wien, 1908. 
1909. H 
