98 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. 
previously cold, which has become stationary with rising pressure in the 
centre, or it arrives in the European area as a warm anticyclone with 
slow indefinite translatory motion of the centre. 
The cold anticyclone, on the other hand, remains cold if it moves 
quickly, but if it remains stationary for some time it gradually changes 
into a warm anticyclone. 
Von Bezold deduced from the Berlin manned-balloon ascents that 
even up to 8 km. anticyclones were warmer than cyclones. The following 
table gives the values of the gradient for the different layers :— 
Height in kilometres 
(aib | eee |p 3-4 4-5 | 5-6 6-7 7-8 
Anticyclonic . Bo) AD: | Sag | Oe ab Oe) Be ee ee 
Cyclonic eae bey | 55 | 57 | 53 | 65 | 67 | 64 | 62 
Intermediate . 5-6 } B74) 89 [695] Sp eae 
Thus the temperature falls by 4°°2 C. less in anticyclones than in 
cyclones in the first 5 km., after which the difference diminishes, but is 
still 2°°5 C. at 8 km. 
The results from registering balloons have been taken for those cases 
in which the pressure, reduced to sea-level, exceeded 770 mm. and for 
those in which it was less than 750 mm. in order to obtain quite distinct 
distributions. 
The following table gives the mean gradients for different layers up 
to 14 km. and the mean temperatures at the various heights :— 
Gradients Temperatures 
| Height Pressure No.of | Pressure No. of Pressure | Pressure 
| <750 | Cases | >770 Cases <750 | >770 
0 aE i) ea rae ea Ce | 760 
1 39 1) ly 2045 SE.) By 2) Pies oe aagers 
2 55 ES a ba)! 678 | 73-9 
3 5:6 Pie ao | BY : 622 | 69 4 
tee 6-4 1 ebb: CN CGR 558 63°8 
eras 6-45 15 64 51 493 | 57:3 
6 6-45 15 68) iano | 42:9 | 506 
od 7:25 15 ey i tal | 35°6 43-5 
8 635 | 16 78 Bi neh 298 35°7 
9 4:3 15 74 50. | 25-0 28°3 
10 Ay he PEP a 65 48 | 92°3 | 21:7 
11 11 Wee em ele | 5:6 46 | 20-9 161 
12 =O)(00 ei he ue TT 3-4 43 | 210 ~=«+| 12-7 | 
13 =O 9 1:0 35 Jeshed heie Lda % 
14 == (072 | 8 = 0:7, 29 212 12-4 
If a correction is applied to the temperature owing to the irregular 
distribution of the ascents throughout the year and to the fact that four 
of the low-pressure cases are for Pavlovsk, which hasa mean surface tem- 
perature about 5° C. below that of the other places, the surface tempera- 
tures for the low and high pressures become 818 and 78:4 respectively. 
If we apply corrections to the gradient also, to allow for the unequal 
