110 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. 
Height Strassburg Munich Vienna | Koutchino Ten Stations | 
| bi eee feta a | oe | ese |) aa Su eae 2 las 
Surface 22 | 12 BBy rd tics hyip? 12 Alia le MC eel 
1 km. ZO mss ol 2a sl 22 al? 2/25 12 27 11 167 / 12 
2 5 DBT 2 | ees | 17 12 24 11 14:0 | 12 
Bias 18 12 LS £2 15 12 18 tit 15:0 | 12 
cae 18 12 21 Lael kG 12 18 11 160 | 12 
Bist 20 12 23 2) MLZ 12 19 11 W7ERN | AL 
Ga 2 Vegilign 2. 23 12 17 12 20 11 18:3 | 12 
lass 21 12 23 12 21 12 22 11 1 a 2 
84, 2! 12 24 12 18 12 23 11 18°5 | 12 
OF 17 12 22 12 18 12 24 | A La oe Lad a 
anlar: ssl) 2 16 | 12 19 12 25 il 12°3 | 12 
agli ss 16 | 12 14 | 12 18 11 18 11 11:2 | 12 
iS Maize 18 12 Wy) 12 19 10 19 11 114 | 12 
re plivoss 16") 22 16 | 11 19 ) iby(aes |e ak} 13°3 | 12 
HEA ee 16 12 Te: a) <8 17 7 Tester GE'S, 12°2 | 12 
hers 19 12 10 6 13 6 Tal] ear =), |e) 1) 2A) 
The range diminishes in the first 2 or 3 km., and afterwards increases 
to a maximum value at a height of 7-8 km. which is also the height at 
which the vertical gradient is a maximum. The range then diminishes 
until the advective region is reached, after which it shows a further 
slight increase. This last small increase may be due to the effect of solar 
radiation on the instruments in some ascents, but the values show that 
there is still a considerable annual variation of temperature even at a 
height of 15 km. 
The following values for the first four components of the annual 
variation of temperature over Berlin have been deduced from the results 
of kite and balloon observations made in the five years 1903-07.' Time 
is measured from January 1. 
Height. Temperature. 
122 m. ; : : : . 819-44+9°77 sin ( nt. +254)+0°19 sin (2 nt. + 40) 
+0°38 sin (3 nt.+ 10) +0°46 sin (4 nt. + 161) 
500 m. 6 - : : . 79°3 +822 sin ( nt.+249)+0°05 sin (2 nt. + 42) 
+0°46 sin (3 nt. + 352) + 0°33 sin (4 nt. + 260) 
1000 m. : - : é . 77°0+7-28 sin ( nt.+244)+0°15 sin (2 nt.+117) 
+047 sin (3 nt. +349) +0-21 sin (4 nt. + 282) 
1500 m. : : : - . 74°83 4653 sin ( nt. +243) +024 sin (2 nt. +195) 
+0°35 sin (3 nt,+ 24)+0°46 sin (4 nt.+18) 
2000 m. : : ; : . 72°44610sin ( nt.+239)+0:18 sin (2 nt.+ 90) 
+046 sin (3 nt.+ 3)+0°24 sin (4 nt. +312) 
2500 m. : . 5 } . 70°4+4+5°88 sin ( nt.+236)+0:03 sin (2 nt.+115) 
+0:28 sin (3 nt. + 338)+014 sin (4 nt. +29) 
3000 m. : : 5 : . 67°-'945°94 sin ( nt.+237)+0°17 sin (2 nt. + 204) 
+053 sin (3 nt. +285) + 0-12 sin (4 nt. +131) 
The actual mean monthly temperatures are given in the table :— 
Height Jan.'Feb. Mar.) Apr. May June July Aug. Sep.) Oct. Nov. Dec.) Year | 
| | | 
ie 0 ee Es = are = 
Surface 122m. | 71:8 73:4 76-2) 80-1 87'2, 89:6} 91:0 90:2 86:4) 81-4. 76-4, 72°7 81°38 
. 500 m. | 71:5 72:1 73:5 77-4) 82-6 85-8) 87-3 868 84:3 805 75°9 72:2) 79 32 
5 1,000 m, | 70:4, 70°1 72:1) 74°6) 80°4 82°5 84:2 83°6 81°6 788 74:5 71:0) 76-97 
ce 1,500 m, | 69:1! 68:2 69:9) 73-7| 77-3) 79:4 81-2, 80:5 79°2 76:9 72°6 69°5) 74:80 
Fp, 2,000 m. | 67°3/ 66'6 67:8, 70:0, 74:6) 76°7| 78:4) 78:0 77-0 74:4 70:7 68-0) 72°44 
* 2,500 m. | 65:2) 64:6 66-0) 68-0) 71-9, 74:0, 76°4| 75:5 75:0 72:6 69-2 66 2) 70°38 
5 3,000 m. | 61°6 62-4 63°9 65 6) 69:2, 72-2, 73 9) 72-9 72:2, 70 4 66 7 63°8| 67-90 
1 Ergebnisse, Berlin and Lindenberg. 
