124 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. 
Thus at all heights the ratio is greater in C thanin A. Thesecond rows 
have been introduced to show that the ratio to the wind in the layer 
0-5-1-0 km. is practically the same for the two cases, so that the difference 
arises in the surface layer. 
The kite observations for 1905 lead to the following results for the 
velocity in m.p.s. in the two cases :— 
Velocity | Ratio 
Surface 1 km. 2 km. 1 km, 2 km. 
(1) 3°6 71 8-4 1:97 —_ 
(2) 4-1 8:2 8:4 2-00 2:05 
C (1) 5°6 10:7 10'7 Si — 
(2) 59 10°5 10°7 1:78 1°82 
The rows (1) include all observations ; (2) those only in which the 
ascent reached 2 km. The surface wind is the mean of the values at the 
time of observation. The ratio is less in C than in A, but the method 
of obtaining the surface value is different from that used by Berson, so that 
it is not quite certain that the results are contradictory. The results seem 
to imply that the difference is largely accidental and that the real difference 
is small. It would of course be natural to suppose that the surface 
friction and irregularities would produce a diminution in velocity which 
increased at a greater rate than the velocity itself, and this would accord 
with Berson’s results, 
Anode Rays and their Spectra. By Dr. Otto R&EICHENHEIM. 
[Ordered by the General Committee to be printed in extenso]. 
In 1886 Dr. Goldstein found two sorts of positive rays in vacuum 
tubes, containing a perforated cathode, one passing behind through 
the cathode—the canal rays—the other going from the cathode in the 
same direction as the cathode rays, which he called K.-rays, and which 
are now known in English literature as ‘ retrograde rays.’ 
These rays owe their origin to the high fall of potential near the 
cathode; and so we may expect that positive rays can arise at any 
part of the space of discharge if it is possible to produce a sufficiently 
high fall of potential. 
The fall near the anode in a vacuum-tube filled with any indifferent 
gas, as H., N:, or helium, is usually 20 to 40 volts. As Gehrcke 
and I found two years ago, this fall can grow suddenly to many thou- 
sands of volts if one introduces small quantities of halogen vapour into 
the tube. From such anodes with high fall we found that positive 
rays were emitted. These we called anode rays. 
