THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHEAT CULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA. 
233 
to show in the following table the rank of leading States in census years 
since 1839: 
Rank of Leading States from the Sixth to the Twelfth Census. 
Year First Second Third Momriia. (ogee oor 
Bushels 
1839 | Ohio Pennsylvania | New York | Wyoming 16,000,000 
1849 | Pennsylvania | Ohio New York Virginia 15,000,000 
1859 Illinois Indiana Wisconsin Ohio 23,000,000 
1869 Illinois Iowa Ohio Indiana | 30,000,000 
1879 Illinois | Indiana Ohio California | 44,000,000 
1889 | Minnesota | California Dakota Indiana 45,000,000 
1899 Minnesota N. Dakota | 8. Dakota | Ohio | 68,000,000 | 
The swift progress of wheat westward is well shown in the fact 
that Illinois, which is not named in 1849, takes first place in 1859. 
In the same sudden manner Iowa springs to second place in 1869, and 
Minnesota to first rank in 1889. It will be remarked that Ohio 
persistently keeps its place within the group of four for every census 
except one, and that is not the last one. In the same connection it 
should be observed that a State lying farther west, Illinois, after holding 
the primacy three times, passes at once out of the leading group. It 
has already been stated that banner State yields seem to avoid census 
years, for Illinois has a record of 60,000,000 bushels in 1880; 
Minnesota has risen to 78, 79, and 80 millions; North Dakota to 75 
and 77 millions; and Kansas leads all, producing, in 1901, 99,079,304 
bushels. 
In 1839, while New York and Pennsylvania stood at 12 and 13 
millions, Ohio had come to the front with 16 million bushels, and the 
great record of the second region was well begun. In forty-one years, 
from 1866 to 1906, Ohio produced 1,247,082,674 bushels—an average 
of 30,416,650 bushels. In the twenty-year period 1867-1886 the total 
falls more than 100 millions short of the total for the following equal 
period, 1887-1906. ‘This is a most significant showing; and it should 
be added that, among all States, Ohio in the twelfth census, erop 
of 1899, stood first in product per square mile. Thus still further 
emphasis appears as to the importance of wheat grown east of the 
Mississippi River. Ohio has eight times exceeded 40,000,000 bushels. 
The facts for Indiana are of similar magnitude. In 1860 she was 
second in production per square mile; she was first in 1870, 1880, and 
1890, and fourth in 1900. Her total for forty-one years, 1866 to 
1906, fell little short of that of Ohio, and she raised nearly 100,000,000 
more in the second twenty-year period than the first. Like Ohio, 
Indiana exceeded 40,000,000 eight times in the period named, and 
raised more than 45,000,000 in 1908. Illinois has a total for forty-one 
years just under that of Indiana, being 1,160,352,208—an average of 
28,301,273 bushels. In this State a balance of about 100,000,000 
bushels is in favour of the first twenty-year period. While Ohio and 
Indiana contain only minor areas of prairie, Illinois is a typical prairie 
State, and goes heavily into the production of maize, in which it more 
than equals the combined crops of Indiana and Ohio. 
