TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION C. 479 
such planes are devoid of contemporaneous swallow-holes, because the plane 
which is believed to have existed in this case must have truncated some of 
the breccia-filled cavities, and therefore have been of later origin. 
MONDAY, AUGUST 30, 
The following Papers and Reports were read :— 
1. Gold and Silver Ores of Canada. By Professor W. G. Minuer. 
It is only during recent years that mining in Canada has become 
important. In the central part of the Dominion the people had been 
educated in the belief that the country was essentially agricultural, and 
the mining industry was neglected. The successful development of 
Sudbury and the discovery at the end of 1903 of the far-famed Cobalt had 
created changed conditions, and mining was now getting its fair share 
of attention. The Province of Ontario has two mining schools, and liberal 
appropriations are annually made by the Legislature for geological and 
other work done to advance the mining industry. ; 
Half of Canada is underlain by the most ancient of rocks, the Pre- 
Cambrian.. The small point of these rocks that extends into the United 
States had made that country the world’s leader in the iron industry. 
In this formation were also found the immense copper deposits of Michigan. 
On the northern side of the boundary line, Cobalt and Sudbury are in 
the Pre-Cambrian series, and it is not too much to expect that when 
Canada’s hinterland is prospected numerous Sudburys and Cobalts will 
be found. 
Sudbury to-day is turning out over half the world’s supply of nickel 
and cobalt, about a sixth of the world’s output of silver, besides producing 
in cobalt a metal which resembles nickel in many respects. Quebec 
produces over 80 per cent. of the world’s asbestos, and corundum is found 
in larger quantities in Canada than elsewhere. 
Gold has been found in large quantities in British Columbia and the 
Yukon. In the height of the Yukon’s prosperity, Canada stood third 
among the world’s producers of gold. Lode mining for gold has become a 
well-established industry in British Columbia. The gold of the province is 
found in smelting ores mixed with copper pyrites and pyrrhotite, and also 
in essentially free melting ores. 
In the region lying between the western boundary of Ontario and the 
eastern boundary of British Columbia the production of gold has been 
small, and has been found in placers; but discoveries of gold have recently 
been made in the district tributary to Prince Albert. In Ontario there 
is gold found in Hastings county and Temagami associated with arsenic, 
and in other places it is found in quartz or associated with iron pyrites. 
In Northern Qiebec it is found in deposits smaller than those of 
Ontario, while in the southern part of Quebec it has been worked in placers. 
In Nova Scotia rich free milling ores are found in narrow veins. 
British Columbia and Ontario are the silver-producing provinces. The 
Cobalt region has yielded very rich veins of silver, and adjoining districts 
are opening out valuable workings. Little prospecting has been done as yet 
in the territory between Cobalt and Port Arthur. 
2. Copper and Nickel Deposits of Canada. By Dr. A. P. CoLeman. 
Copper is widely found in Canada, especially in Southern British 
Columbia and in Ontario. In the latter province the copper now mined, 
