484 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION D. 
Section D.—ZOOLOGY. 
PRESIDENT OF THE Section.—A. E. Surpuny, M.A., D.Sc., F.B.S. 
THURSDAY, AUGUST 26. 
The following Papers were read :— 
1. On the Origin of the Vertebrates. By E. S. Gooprici, F.R.S. 
The object of this paper was to show that none of the theories of the 
Origin of the Vertebrates hitherto brought forward, and deriving them from 
some existing class of the Invertebrata, is satisfactory ; because these theories 
viclate the sound principles of phylogeny based on the combined evidence 
of comparative anatomy and physiology, embryology, and paleontology. 
This evidence enables us to trace back the Gnathostomes to a primitive 
shark-like fish; the Gnathostomes and Cyclostomes to a common form of 
much more uniformly segmented structure; and finally the Craniata and 
Cephalochorda to an ancestor of very simple structure, without dermal 
skeleton and without pronounced cephalisation, which probably became 
extinct even before the Silurian age. 
2. On the Subcutaneous Fat Bodies in Bufo. By C. L. Boununcer. 
FRIDAY, AUGUST 27. 
The President delivered the following Address :— 
ig 
Charles Darwin. 
Tu1s is the year of centenaries. Perhaps in no other year in history were 
so many men born destined to impress their genius on the literature, the 
politics, and the science of the world as in 1809. The number of literary 
men who first saw the light in that annus mirabilis is almost too long to 
mention—Mark Lemon, the genial editor and one of the founders of 
Punch; ‘Crimean’ Kinglake; John Stuart Blackie, till lately a well- 
known figure in Edinburgh; Monckton Milnes, the first Lord Houghton, 
‘ poet, critic, legislator, the friend of authors’ and the father of Lord 
Crewe who at present presides over that most important of all Government 
