PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 523 
sobov scale—France (the new topographical map), Algeria, Tunis, 
Holland, Japan, Spain, Switzerland (the less populous parts). 
sztuy scale—the United States (the more populous parts). 
sakea scale (1 inch to a mile)—Great Britain and Iveland, and 
Canada. 
qshos Scale—the Austrian Empire. 
sotey scale—the old staff map of France. 
qodsos Scale—the German Empire, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, 
and Switzerland (Dufour atlas). 
rzPoxs scale—the United States (the less populous parts). 
zzeo07 Scale—Russia. 
ssdss0 scale—the United States (barren districts). 
The introduction of cycles, motors, and other rapid means of locomo- 
tion has led to a demand for a scale which will show a considerable tract 
of country on a sheet of moderate size. If the standard map is already on 
rather a large scale, this demand is best met by publishing a reduction of 
the standard map. This course is followed by Great Britain and Ireland 
and by Canada, whose l-inch map is reduced to and published on the 
4-inch scale; but if only one scale is used a compromise must be arrived at 
which will meet the reasonable requirements of rapid locomotion, as well 
as the other essentials of a topographical map. 
If I may venture an opinion in a matter in which practice varies so 
much, it is that for countries using British measures in which, owing to 
dense population, the detail is close the 1-inch scale (;54,,) is a very good 
one, and that for more open parts the 4-inch scale may with advantage be 
adopted. For countries using metrical measures I should advocate sz455 
and ;st5a0 Tespectively. These scales do not differ largely from those 
adopted by most of the principal countries, the majority of whom use scales 
between s5455 and yosua for fairly close countries 
Where it is important to keep the cost down I should advocate a half- 
inch to the mile or a 32555 scale. All except the most closely populated 
country can be shown clearly on such scales provided the maps do not show 
too many names or too much small detail. ; 
The United States have scales of gstos) caecum aNd ssqeaz, the 
general closeness of detail in any area determining which of these three 
scales is adopted. This arrangement is a good one, and would be still 
better if the areas published on the ;3455 scale were also reduced to and 
published on the ;yx455 scale, and if the whole country were published on 
the ssd555 scale. The principle here advocated of having each scale as far 
as possible complete for the whole country has been carried out by Great 
Britain, where the whole country, except some uncultivated areas, is pub- 
lished on the 25-inch (3:4,) scale, and the whole country on the 6-inch, 
the 1-inch, the $-inch, the {-inch, and other smaller scales. 
Scale of Field Survey. 
It is usual to make the field survey for small scale maps on a larger 
scale than that on which the map is to be published with a view to securing 
greater accuracy of detail, but this should not be overdone. If the field - 
survey is on too large a scale it entails needless expense, also when the 
surveyor is working on too large a scale he is apt not to realise the effect 
of reduction on his survey, and is likely to survey so much detail as to 
overcrowd the map, thus increasing the cost of the work and injuring the 
map. 
When the map is reproduced by photographic methods the fair drawing 
is usually on a larger scale than the finished map, So as to get finer results on 
reduction ; but in this case also, for somewhat similar reasons to those stated 
