526 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION BE. 
The Norwegian zypyy-scale map shows the features by contours, vertical 
hachures and shading. 
The new British 4-inch scale map has both contours, layers and stipple 
shading. 
Opinions differ so much on this subject, and there is so much to be said 
for and against each method, that I will confine myself to the opinion that 
contours reasonably close together should form the principal feature of any 
method of representing ground forms; that contours by themselves give a 
very fair representation of the ground; that vertical hachures, if printed 
so as not to obscure the detail and names, or stipple shading when there is 
not too much colour on the maps, increase the pictorial effect and are useful 
additions to contours ; that ground forms should preferably be in colour, and 
that where hachures or stipple are used as well as contours both should be 
in the same colour. 
The German coloured ;5,575-Scale map (brown hachures and contours), 
the British 1-inch scale copper-plate printed map (brown hachures and 
black contours), the British 1-inch coloured map (brown hachures and red 
contours), and the French ;,4,,-scale (grey stipple and brown contours), 
all give a good representation of the ground, and there are other maps which 
might be named almost, if not quite, as good. 
Vertical Interval of Contours. 
The vertical interval between contours should depend partly on the 
scale, partly on the steepness of the ground. Practice varies considerably 
in this matter. 
The ;5t59-scale maps of Switzerland and of Germany, except Prussia, 
are contoured at 10-métre intervals. 
The =5do0-Scale maps of France are contoured at 10-métre intervals. 
The sston-Scale maps of Japan and Spain are contoured at 20-métre 
intervals. 
On the Swiss ;5455 scale contours are 30 métres apart, 
On the United States 53455 scale the contour interval varies from 20 to 
100 feet. 
On the British 1-inch map there are contours at 50 feet, at every 100 feet 
up to 1000 feet, and thence at 250 feet intervals. 
On the Canadian 1-inch and }-inch maps the contour interval is only 
25 feet, but the sheets published have been fn ground with only moderate 
elevations. 
On the German ;5,/555-foot the contour interval is 50 métres. 
I consider that if the contours are printed in colour the vertical interval 
may with advantage be such that on steep ground the contours are reason- 
ably close together, every fourth or fifth contour being printed heavier so 
as to be more easily followed. If the contours are in black they cannot with 
advantage be so close. 
It is, in my opinion, best if the contour interval is uniform all over a 
country. Failing this, it seems desirable that it should be uniform over 
considerable areas and at least throughout a sheet; but this view is not 
universally held. I do not like the varying interval adopted by the 
Ordnance Survey. The contours on the Ordnance Survey maps are sur- 
veyed with great accuracy and at great expense. For topographical maps 
much cheaper and more rapid methods will suffice. 
Cartography. 
I have, with a view to clearness, kept the question of the method of repro- 
duction separate, but it has a bearing on some of the points already con- 
sidered. Thus the fine engraving of the German z5,455-scale map enables 
F 00000 
an amount of small detail and ornament to be shown on that map which 
