528 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION i. 
funds ate available, by vertical hachures; both contours and hachures, if 
shown, to be in colour, the same colour being used for both. If considera- 
tions of time and cost do not admit of reproduction by engraving on 
copper, the map to be reproduced by some photographic method and printed 
in not more than five colours. I put forward these opinions rather as a 
basis for consideration than as having special weight in themselves. With 
the increasing recognition of the importance of geography an increasing 
demand for maps is sure to come, and good maps can only be satisfactorily 
designed after considering the points here discussed. 
It is not yet, I think, generally recognised that a really good topo- 
graphical map, based on triangulation, may he produced on a scale of 
about 4 inch to the mile at very moderate expense if unimportant detail is 
left out and survey and reproduction carried out as economically as possible. 
Such a survey has recently been carried out in the Orange River Colony, 
a country mainly agricultural with generally poor land. There must be 
few parts, other than barren and mountainous regions, under settled govern- 
ment where such a survey would not be of value. I believe that in future 
still further economy in surveying and mapping will be attained, and this 
will stimulate the undertaking of fresh surveys. 
Meeting, as we are privileged to do this year, in Canada, I should like 
to say a few words on the surveying and mapping of the Dominion. Until 
recently the only maps published have been on very small scales and have 
shown no ground forms. During the last few years, however, a regular 
topographical survey has been undertaken by the Militia Department. I 
am glad that for this topographical survey the scales of 1 inch and 4 inch 
to the mile, both standard scales in Great Britain and Ireland, have been 
adopted. They are, in my opinion, suitable scales for Canada, and it is 
to be hoped that for any new mapping within the British Empire these 
or similar scales may be adopted as they have been in many parts. Uni- 
formity in scales is very desirable. 
Without committing myself to praise in every respect of the maps pre- 
pared by the Militia Department, I may say that they appear to me 
excellent, well-executed maps. Not many sheets have yet been issued, and 
they are probably not yet well known even in Canada; but I have little 
doubt that when known their value will be appreciated, and that the area 
mapped will be rapidly extended. There are no doubt large areas in 
Canada for which a smaller scale than one inch will suffice, but there 
can be few, except waste and barren regions, for which maps on some scale 
will not be needed. To a country like Canada, which has made wonderful 
progress already, and which has a great future before it, adequate mapping 
must be of importance, specially so in view of the vast area of the country. 
I have misread the character of the Canadian people if they will be content 
with any except first-rate maps for the whole settled area of the Dominion. 
I should like to have said a few words on the aid which good maps give 
to geographical education, but my address is already too long. I will only 
say that while good maps and geographical education are of use to all 
countries, they are of special value to the British Empire, whose different 
parts are geographically so scattered, but which are so closely bound together 
by common ties of kinship, interest, sentiment, and loyalty. 
The following Papers were then read :— 
1. Floods in the Great Inlerior Valley of America. 
By Miss L. A. Owen. 
The conditions which produce floods, the diversified character of their 
inevitable consequences, and the possibility of future control, either with or 
