532 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 
that dead willows are to be found in other branches of the same valley where 
grazing has been conducted and which are now deeply dissected by arroyos. 
For the description of the Chin Lee Valley the author is indebted to Mr. 
Richard Wetherill, of Putnam, New Mexico. 
5. Water Roules from Lake Superior to the Westward. 
By Lawrence J. BuRPEE. 
Three well-defined canoe routes were discovered at different times, lead- 
ing from Lake Superior over the height of land to Rainy Lake and the 
Lake of the Woods. The first of these, in point of time, was the 
Kaministikwia route; the second was by Grand Portage; and the third by 
way of Lake Nipigon. The discovery of the Kaministikwia route dates back 
to the days of the French régime. It was discovered before La Vérendrye’s 
day, and became well known throughout the long period of his Western 
explorations. For some reason this route was completely lost sight of 
during the period of confusion between the departure of French explorers 
and fur-traders from the West and the entry of British traders from 
Canada. It was not, in fact, until the discovery that Grand Portage was 
within the territory of the United States that the officers of the North-West 
Company, in searching for a new road, rediscovered the Kaministikwia 
route. Before this, however, the route by way of Grand Portage had been 
discovered, and was the recognised highway from Lake Superior to the 
West throughout the early period of the fur trade under British rule. In 
1784 Edward Umfreville was sent by the North-West Company to discover 
a route by way of Lake Nipigon. <A possible route was found, but the 
rediscovery of the much more convenient route by the Kaministikwia river 
made it unnecessary to resort to that by way of Lake Nipigon. 
MONDAY, AUGUST 30. 
Joint Discussion with Section L on Geographical Teaching. 
(i) Secondary School Geography in the United States. 
By Professor Ricuarp E. Dopae. 
Secondary school geography in the United States has largely been 
physical geography, with or without laboratory work. In recent years the 
emphasis has been particularly on the physiography of the lands, and the 
course has been planned to meet the requirements in the subject set for 
college entrance. In some high schools commercial geography has been 
introduced as a separate subject, taught mainly from a text-book or as a 
climax to a brief course in physiography. 
While in the earlier years after the introduction of the physiography 
of the lands in 1893-4 the emphasis was mainly on the scientific classifica- 
tion of land forms according to genesis, in the last few years the work has 
been expanded so as to include certain of the life responses pertaining to 
each sub-division (ontography). 
Such courses, while strong scientifically, and of increasing worth 
because of a constant increment in the number of prepared teachers, has 
not proved of as great value as the times demanded. Students in the high 
school have not secured a proper basis for the study of history, economics, 
and other subjects dealing with the distribution of phenomena, and have 
not received adequate preparation for later study of allied subjects in 
everyday life or in college. Hence the demand has arisen in the last two 
years for more usable high school work in geography, for work no less 
