624 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 
6. The Archeology of Ontario and Manitoba. 
By Henry Montcomery, M.A., Ph.D. 
The history of Ontario during the seventeenth century has been supple- 
mented by the work of archeologists, and valuable collections are preserved 
in Toronto University, in the Normal School, and in Laval University. 
There were several occupations of the Province. Village sites have been 
discovered. Many objects of manufacture have been found in the soil or 
upon the surface of the ground, such as primitive flints, well-made arrow- 
points, bone skewers and knives, stone scrapers, wedges, gouges, hammer- 
stones and amulets, pottery pipes and broken vessels of pottery. Ossuaries 
occur in which many human skeletons were found; some of the crania have 
inca bones, high supra-orbital ridges and low foreheads. In the years 1870, 
1876, and 1877 the author explored Huron ossuaries in Simcoe and Durham 
Counties and found numerous skeletons in all of them. Artificial mounds 
or tumuli occur near Rice Lake, Lake Erie, and the Lake of the Woods, 
and these have yielded copper and pottery. 
In the Province of Manitoba numerous grooved stone mauls and 
hammers, as well as arrow points, stone discs, and pieces of broken pottery, 
have been found on or near the surface of the ground. In addition to these, 
the other ancient remains are tumuli of three principal kinds, earthen 
ridges of great length, and large communal house enclosures. One kind of 
tumulus contains one or more well-defined burial pits having skeletal 
remains and manufactured objects of interest, the burial pit being carefully 
covered and protected by charred wooden poles or by a calcareous layer 
from four to six inches in thickness, the whole being covered by a great 
mound of black prairie soil to a height of many feet. Stone circles or 
cromlechs occur in Saskatchewan near Manitoba. 
7. The present Native Population and Traces of Early Civilisation in 
the Province of New Brunswick, Canada. By Witi1am McInTOosH. 
The native and half-breed population numbers about fifteen hundred at 
the present time. These belong to two tribes: the Micmacs, occupying the 
eastern coast and part of the Bay of Fundy shores, and the. Malecites, who 
inhabit the St. John River Valley, or about the same country which was 
occupied by their ancestors in early times. They are able to speak English, 
but use their own language among themselves. The Indians obtain a liveli- 
hood by working as millmen, stream driving, lumbering, acting as guides for 
hunting-parties, making canoes, baskets, butter-tubs, axe handles, etc. 
Evidence of the prehistoric occupation of this region by a people who 
were using implements of stone are abundant. In sheltered coves along the 
coast are numberless kitchen middens. Along the principal rivers pre- 
historic camp sites abound. The stone implements, with a few exceptions, 
are of the type common to the Algonquin areas. 
The pottery, in material and shape, closely resembles the ware made by 
the Algonquin tribes elsewhere, but shows some interesting variations in 
ornamentation, differing in this respect from the Algonquin pottery of 
the south. Very little systematic collecting has been done in this region. 
Dr. George F. Matthew has studied the kitchen middens and has done 
surface collecting elsewhere. The result of his work will be found in the 
Bulletins of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. Dr. L. W. 
Bailey has collected and published articles on this subject. S. W. Kain 
has collected a large amount of material. An account of his work will be 
found in the Bulletins of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. 
Duncan, London, and David Balmain have collected in the St. John River 
Valley, and the late Dr. Smith, of Tracadie, on the east coast. The author 
