640 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION T. 
significance. Without speech the individual can profit by his own experience 
and to a certain limited extent by the control exercised by the older and more 
experienced members of his tribe. As soon as experience can be symbolised 
in words, it can be dissociated from the individual and becomes a part of the 
common heritage of the race, so that the whole past experience of the race can 
be utilised in the education—.e., the laying down of nerve tracts—in the individual 
himself. On the other hand, the community receives the advantage of the 
foresight possessed by any individual who happens to be endowed with a central 
nervous system which transcends that of his fellows in its powers of dealing with 
sense impressions or other symbols. The foresight thus acquired by the whole 
community must be of advantage to it and serve for its preservation. It is 
therefore natural that in the processes of development and division of labour, 
which occur among the members of a community just as among the cell units 
composing an animal, a class of individuals should have been developed, who 
are separated from the ordinary avocations, and,are, or should be, maintained 
by the community, in order that they may apply their whole energies to the 
study of sequences of sense impressions. These are set into words which, as 
summary statements of sequence, are known to us as the Laws of Nature. 
These natural laws become the property of the whole community, become 
embodied by education into the nervous system of its individuals, and serve 
therefore as the experience which will determine the future behaviour of its 
constituent units. This study of the sequence of phenomena is the office of 
Science. Through Science the whole race thus becomes endowed with a fore- 
sight which may extend far beyond contemporary events, and may include in 
its horizon not only the individual life, but that of the race itself, as of races to 
come. 
Social Conduct. 
I have spoken as if every act of the animal were determined by the complex 
interaction of nervous processes whose paths through the higher parts of the 
brain had been laid down by previous experience, whether of phenomena or of 
words as symbolical of phenomena. The average conduct, however, of the 
individual, determined at first in this way, became by repetition automatic—.e., 
the nerve paths are so facilitated by frequent use that a given impulse can take 
only the direction which is set by custom. The general adoption of the same 
line of conduct by all the individuals of a community in face of a given con- 
dition of the environment gave in most cases an advantage to those individuals 
who were endowed with a nervous system of such a character that the path could 
be laid down quickly and with very little repetition. Thus we get a tendency, 
partly by selection, largely by education, to the establishment of reactions which, 
like the instincts of animals, are almost automatic in character. As MacDougall 
has pointed out, the representations in consciousness of automatic tendencies 
are the emotions. Moral conduct, being that behaviour which is adapted to 
the individual’s position in his community, is largely determined by these paths 
of automatic action, and the moral individual is he whose automatic actions and 
consequent emotions are most in accord with the welfare of his community, or 
at any rate with what has been accepted as the rule of conduct for the community. 
Rise in Type dependent on Brain. 
Thus, in the evolution of the higher from the lower type, the physiological 
mechanisms, which have proved the decisive factors, can be summed up under 
the headings of integration, foresight and contro]. In the process of integration 
we have not only a combination of units previously discrete, but also differentia- 
tion of structure and function among the units. They have lost, to a large 
extent, their previous independence of action and, indeed, power of independent 
action, the whole of their energies being now applied to fulfilling their part in the 
common work of the organism. At first bound together by but slight ties and 
capable in many cases of separating to form new cell colonies, they have finally 
