642 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION I. 
ordination of the activity of each part to the welfare of the whole. It is this 
lesson which we English-speaking races have at the present time most need 
to learn. In the behaviour of man almost every act is represented in conscious- 
ness as some emotion, experience or desire. The state of subordination of the 
activities of all units to the common weal of the community has its counter- 
part in consciousness as the ‘spirit of service.’ The enormous value of such 
a condition of solidarity among the individuals constituting a nation, inspired, 
as we should say, by this spirit of service, has been shown to us lately by Japan. 
In our own ease the subordination of individual to state interests, such as is 
necessary for the aggregation of smaller primitive into larger and more complex 
communities, has always presented considerable difficulty and been accomplished 
only after severe struggle. Thus the work begun by Alexander Hamilton and 
Washington, the creation of the United States, is still, even after the unifying 
process of a civil war, incomplete and marred by contending state and individual 
interests. The same.sort of difficulties are being experienced in the integra- 
tion of the units, nominally under British control, into one great nation, in which 
all parts shall work for the good of the whole and for mutual protection in the 
struggle for survival. 
The Lesson of Evolution. 
Just as pain is the great educator of the individual and is responsible for the 
laying down of the nervous paths, which will determine his whole future conduct 
and the control of his lower by his higher centres, so hardship has acted as the 
integrator of nations. It is possible that some such factor with its attendant 
risks of extermination may still be necessary before we attain the unification of 
the British Empire, which would seem to be a necessary condition for its future 
success. But if only our countrymen can read the lesson of evolution and are 
endowed with sufficient foresight, there is no reason why they should not, by 
associating themselves into a great community, avoid the lesson of the rod. 
Such a community, if imbued by a spirit of service and guided by exact know- 
ledge, might be successful above all others. In this community not only must 
there be subordination of individual to communal interests, but the behaviour 
of the community as a whole must be determined by anticipation of events— 
i.e., by the systematised knowledge which we call Science. The universities 
of a nation must be like the eyes of an animal, and the messages that these 
universities have to deliver must serve for the guidance and direction of the whole 
community, 
This does not imply that the scientific men, who compose the universities 
and are the sense organs of the community, should be also the rulers. The reactions 
of a man or of a higher mammal are not determined immediately by impulses 
coming from his eyes or ears, but are guided by these in association with, and 
after they have been weighed against, a rich web of past experience, the organ 
of which is the higher brain. It is this organ which, as the statesman of the cell 
community, exercises absolute control. And it is well that those who predicate 
an absolute equality or identity among all the units of a community should 
remember that, although all parts of the body are active and have their part to 
play in the common work, there is a hierarchy in the tissues—different grades 
in their value and in their conditions. Thus every nutritional mechanism of 
the body is subordinate to the needs of the guiding cells of the brain. If an 
animal be starved, its tissues waste ; first its fat goes, then its muscles, then its 
skeletal structures, finally even the heart. The brain is supplied with oxygen 
and nourishment up to the last. When this, too, fails, the animal dies. The 
leading cells have first call on the resources of the body. Their needs, however, 
are soon satisfied, and the actual amount of food or oxygen used by them is 
insignificant as compared with the greedy demands of a working muscle or gland 
cell. In like manner every community, if it is to succeed, must be governed, 
and all its resources controlled by men with foreseeing power and rich ex- 
perience—i.ec., with the wisdom that will enable them to profit by the teachings 
of science, so that every part of the organism may be put into such a condition 
as to do its optimum of work for the community as a whole. 
At the present time it seems to me that, although it is the fashion to acquiesce 
