346 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. 



only, probably of a peaceful character. It might be possible, with more 

 crania, to decide between the two, for the Hittites had probably a greater 

 admixture of ' Armenoid ' skulls than the Alpine, and the characteristic 

 verticality of the occiput might solve the problem. I can only say that 

 to-day the Armenoid type is found, especially in the east end of the 

 island. 



In my work of measuring modern Cretans, I planned to get a repre- 

 sentative collection of records from each eparkhy, and fuller ones from 

 such as Sphakia, which had special attractions. In each of these political 

 divisions I gathered my data from highland and lowland, mountain and 

 plain; I failed, however, to traverse the eparkhies of Kissamos and Selino, 

 although I obtained records of sixty-nine persons hailing from them. 

 On the borders of Kydhonia and Sphakia I had been attacked in a lonely 

 mountain pass, and although this did not prevent the continuation of my 

 work, the situation was more difficult in the two neighbouring eparkhies, 

 which were then witnessing a struggle between the insurgents and the 

 international troops. 



In the great majority of cases I measured the maximum head length 

 and breadth, stature, nasal length and breadth, maximum circumference 

 of head, facial length and breadth, nasal-, alveolar-, and altitudinar-radii, 

 and the inter-ocular breadth. I recorded the colour and character of the 

 hair, complexion, colour of eyes, shape of face, prominence of cheek- 

 bones and jaws, flatness of ears and presence of lobes, together with full 

 genealogical data. 



In all about 29,000 observations and measurements were made upon 

 1440 persons. Although tact was required, the work of getting people 

 to be measured was not so difficult as it might seem. On the other hand, 

 it was almost out of the question to persuade women to be the subjects 

 of one's inquiries and it was not an easy matter to overcome the shyness 

 of Mussulmans. The records include 24 only of the former and 124 of 

 the latter. 



In the following statements I have included, where possible, Dr. 

 Duckworth's recoi'ds with my own : — 



The average breadth or cephalic index for 1600 modern Cretans (^) 

 is 79-2, and stature for 15G3 is 1686 mm. These are the two available 

 characters of the 62 (<?) ancient skulls of the Early and Middle Minoan 

 period and a comparison as follows : — 



Modern , Breadth inde.x 79 2 corrected to cranial index (792 — 20) = 77-2 



Ancient . Cranial index ........ =:734 



Jloderu . ytature 1086 mm. 



Ancient . ,, (estimated) ..,..-.. 1625 ,, 



shows a broadening of the cranium and an increase of stature. 



This brachj'cephalic tendency began early in the Bronze Age, if not 

 indeed in the Neolithic Age, but in the figures at our disposal only 

 amounted to 8| per cent, of the whole. Judging from the scanty material 

 the minority of broad heads was unimportant until the end of the Bronze 

 period. 



This broadening tendency seems to have continued into modern times. 

 To what are we to attribute it ? To dismiss two possible theories, I do 

 not credit this result to either artihcial selection or civilisation. If any- 

 where, sexual selection might have been expected to have played its part 

 in producing those Cretans most noted for their beauty, the inha- 



