ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN CRETE. 547 



bitants of the mountaiu villages of Anogeia and Lakkoi, tlio refuges of 

 the finest and fairest of their womenfolk from the grasp of the Turk. 

 Yet at Lakkoi I found the breadth index nearly two units (77'4) below 

 the gt^nei'al average for Crete. 



Nor can we lairly assume, as Bogdanov did for Russia, that this 

 broadening of the crania is dae to civilisation, for Crete has only just 

 begun to be re-civilised, and methods of travel, for instance, are what they 

 were 1000 or 2000 years ago. 



Immigration, in my opinion, have been responsible for the iacreasiog 

 brachycephalic element. 



The first serious contribution may Lave been at the end of the 

 Bronze Age. The Sphakiotes, who claim to be descended from the Dorians 

 and are certainly purer blooded than the rest of Crete, have broader 

 heads (801) than the Cretan average (79-2). 



We may pass over the Saracenic invasion, not because its members 

 must have resembled the natives so closely as to leave little trace, but 

 since history encourages the belief that few were left after the Byzantine 

 conquest. 



It is different with the Venetian occupation, and I sought in 

 many directions for traces of this element in the broadening of the head 

 and the raising of the stature of the modern Cretan. The French his- 

 torian, Jules Buillot, says that ' permission was given for mixed mar- 

 riages (a practice unusual in Venetian colonies) which tended to make 

 the Venetian colonists good Cretans and lukewarm Catholics.' On the 

 other hand, their evacuation in the middle of the eighteenth century 

 when the Turks captured the island, was complete, and whereas we find 

 Venetian families m Corfu and the ^gean to day, it is with difficulty 

 that Ave can discover any in Crete. Three or four families, the Cornaros 

 from Carpathos, the Moitso from Cythera, the Dandolo and Modatso 

 families are met with in the chief cities, Candia, Canea, and Rethymo. 



In my efibrts to probe this question, I sought eagerly for any names in 

 villages which boasted of Venetian remains, and in some of these I had 

 whole lists of the heads of families taken down. Among these Dr. 

 Jannaris, whom I met at Lakkoi, could recognise none but Cretan 

 names, with the exception of Venetakis, which he dubbed a nickname 

 given to the native servant of a Venetian. When measuring in the 

 Insurgents' Camp I came upon two men who claimed to be of Venetian 

 descent one named Mai-kandonakis (Mark Antonio) and the other 

 Reneris (Renero). Their breadth indices were diverse, respectively 78-5 

 and 87-3, but the latter from a consideration of all his measurements, <kc., 

 might have passed for a Venetian. 



Several difficulties face the anthropologist in attempting to discover 

 the Venetian element which, on the whole, I believe, exists in the Cretan 

 to a small extent. The Venetians did not occupy any one portion 

 of the island to the exclusion of any other. Thei-efore any physical 

 modification is lost to sight in being spread over the whole island. They 

 are them.selves a mixture probably of Alpine and Illyrian stock with the 

 native, and in height and breadth iodex are not to be distinguished from 

 the Turk. Yet I do not despair of being able to separate these elements 

 after a close and exhaustive analytical study of figures and records. 



The last immigration, the Turkish, seems to me of more importance 

 in our problem. ' If,' as Mr. Stillman, U.S. Consul in the sixties of last 

 century, wrote : ' Everything was at the mercy of the Turk, th« Cretan 



