ON ARCH.EOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN CRETE. 3 i9 



of the island in this respect and in point of stature. They differ from the 

 Sphakiotes, among whom was no noticeable percentage of blondes. Also 

 the contrast extends to character. The Sphakiote is dignified, intelligent, 

 but given to ruses, even to treachery. The Lakkiote is kindly, open- 

 uatured, and brave. 



I find, therefore, at present, the relatively great stature and low 

 ceplialic index of the Kydhonian mountaineers difficult to account for. 

 There are, however, historical considerations which help. Neither the 

 Venetians nor the Turks ever got a hold upon the highlands, and once 

 only (in 1866) did the latter succeed in attacking Lakkoi. May not the 

 low index, 7 7 "4, reflect the absence of admixture with these two peoples 1 



The increased stature may be due in some measure to the healthier 

 climate. Perhaps the greater frequency of blondes may be attributed to 

 the fact that the finest, fairest, and most beautiful women of the plains 

 were sent away to the mountains to escape rape by the Turks ; but would 

 this and the tendency for the boldest, strongest, and most venturesome 

 spirits in the frequent revolutions to retire to the mountains, there to hold 

 out against the oppressor — would these account for the greater stature ? 



These and many other problems, if they ai"e to yield a solution, must 

 do so to a further study on the field and mathematical experiments with 

 the records obtained. 



Several suggestions occur from a perusal of some of the records, and 

 I jot them down as tentative. 



The Cretans, though mixed, as I have suggested, are, as compared with 

 other races, only moderately so. 



The standard deviation for the whole of Crete 

 (breadth index), 1600 persons is . .41 



The standard deviation for all the eparkhies 



(head breadth) varies from . . . , il to Gl 



This last compares with the 



Naqada series 5-7.5 



Cairene ,, 8'02 



As between eparkhies the results of a trial of the probable error of 

 the means (head breadth) are interesting and puzzling, but may provide 

 us, when other characters are tried, with a key or keys. 



The differences between Upper and Lower Kydhonia are significant of 

 heterogeneity. The same is true between Upper Kydhonia and Sphakia, 

 and also between Sphakia and the rest of Crete. 



There is no significant difference of race between Upper Kydhonia 

 and the rest of Crete ; nor is there, and this is puzzling, between Lower 

 Kydhonia and Sphakia. Can it be that, a3 we are dealing only with 

 head breadth, the Turkish and "Venetian brachycephalism has done for 

 Lower Kydhonia what the ' Dorian ' has done for Sphakia ? 



These experiments suggest more trials, but they also demand more 

 field work. Among the several questions I want more light on from the 

 field are : What is the significance of the blonde element in the west of 

 the island, particularly in Selino, which I have not yet entered 1 I wish 



