364 nEPoRTs ON the state of science. 



the University of Edinburgh. This consists of a thin sheet of metal, 

 ■wood, or other rigid substance divided into centimetre squares and fixed 

 to the wall. The person to be measured stands in front of this, and the 

 dimensions are read off by means of a set square. A great advantage of 

 the Wall-meter is that it shows at a glance any lateral deformity or 

 want of symmetry, and also whether the individual is standing in a proper 

 position for measurement. 



Callipers. 



"Wherever cheapness in first cost is a desideratum a sliding callipers 

 of simple construction large enough to measure all the more important 

 diameters, may be used. Such callipers are made by A. & J. Smith, 

 Maxwell House, Aberdeen, and by other makers. 



For rapid and accurate measurement of small diametez'S such as those 

 of the cranium and face the large callipers are rather clumsy to handle, and 

 it is advisable to use smaller callipers. 



Flower's callipers may be employed for cranial diameters and for the 

 smaller face dimensions by using the points at the back. Flower's callipers 

 may be obtained from W. F. Stanley & Co., Ltd., 5 Great Turnstile, 

 London, W.C. 



Gray's self-adjusting constant-pressure callipers, made by Home it 

 Rowland, are specially suited for measuring the length and breadth of the 

 head, and the compas glifsicrc used by Manouvrier is specially suited for 

 small face measurements. 



Radiometers. 



For measuring auricular radii the instruments devised by Cunningham 

 and by Gray may be used. In these instruments plugs fitted to the 

 instruments are placed in the ear-holes and a sliding piece is pushed 

 down (in the former instrument) or screwed down (in the latter instru- 

 ment) till it just touches (without pressure) the peripheral point whose 

 radius is to be measured. 



Tapes. 



The best appliance for measuring the girth of the chest or of other 

 parts of the body is a tape graduated to millimetres, about 1 metre in 

 length. A piece of string about 8 or 8 inches in length is connected to 

 the zero end of the tape, or the tape itself may be extended 6 or 8 inches 

 beyond the zero of the scale. By pulling this string and the other end of 

 the encircling tape the necessary tension is put on, while the hands are 

 kept clear of the reading point. If an inextensible linen tape can be 

 obtained it is easier to work with than a steel tape, though the latter 

 has the advantage that it can always be relied on as being absolutely 

 inextensible. 



Tapes may be obtained from Chesterman, Sheffield, or Aston & Mander, 

 For measuring span of arms a thimble may be attached to one end of 

 the tape. This thimble is slipped on the fore-finger of one hand, and the 

 measurement is read from the tape at the tip of the fore-finger of the 

 other hand. The subject should stand in front of a wall, the arms being 

 extended horizontally with the backs of the hands turned to the wall. 



