754 TRANSACTIONS Of SECTION E. 



tweufy-tbree square miles of detail survey per diem, and the number of trigono- 

 metrical points fixed about three hundred per aunum. The cost works out to 

 about eight shillings per square mile of the completed map, and the whole area of 

 47,000 square miles will be finished, printed, and published in five and a half 

 years. 



These remarkable results are due in a larf?e measure to the energy and 

 organising power of the officer iu charge. Captain L. C. Jackson, Il.E. The 

 detail survey is done in sheets fifteen minutes square, each non-commissioned 

 officer being given one complete sheet, which he works at until finished. Four 

 such sheets are therefore in progress at any given time, and each sheet takes about 

 six weeks. Seeing the rapid rate of progress maintained it might perhaps be 

 thought that the country is a particularly easy one for the topographer. Such is, 

 however, by no means the case. It is true that there is an entire absence of the 

 surveyor's greatest impediment, large areas of dense forest, but there is much 

 broken and difficult country, rising iu places to altitudes of above 7,000 feet. 



In Cape Colony the reconnaissance survey is of a somewhat similar character, 

 but owing to the large area of the country and to the small amount of money 

 available the work has perforce to be of a more rapid nature. In Natal, Bechuana- 

 land, and Rhodesia no survey is at pi'esent in progress. 



Passing northward through Africa, we come to the British Protectorate of 

 Nyasaland, formerly called British Central Africa. Of this country a certain 

 number of maps exist purporting to give topographical detail; but as they are not 

 based upon any framework of triangulation, and as much of the detail only depends 

 upon rough sketches, it is impossible to say how far they can be accepted as correct 

 representations of the ground. 



It is most unfortunate that financial considerations prevent the execution of 

 any systematic trigonometrical survey. The absence of such, and the fact that 

 maps are being made whicli must inevitably be withdrawn and replaced by others 

 in the future, will undoubtedly be the cause of ultimate waste of money. 



Passing northward again we come to the large and important protectorates of 

 British Eatt Africa and Uganda, in both of which systematic surveys are in hand. 

 The geodetic framework is supplied by a triangulation along the Anglo-German 

 boundary, connected with chains of triangles along the railway in the neighbour- 

 hood of Nairobi. In Uganda proper there is also a triangulation covering a 

 substantial area. As already noted, all Ibis work will eventually be tied into the 

 thirtieth meridional arc, though it is not likely that the final adjustment of geodetic 

 positions thus arrived at will necessitate any substantial alterations upon the maps. 



In both protectorates topographical surveys are in band, and maps on the 

 scale of two miles to an inch will be issued. In British East Africa, under the 

 able direction of Major G. E. Smith, E.E., rapid progress is being made. This 

 topographical mapping is additional to the cadastral maps also in progress in 

 both countries. These latter are required for property purposes, in Uganda for 

 demarcating the estates given over to the native inhabitants of the country under 

 the agreement of 1900, and in East Africa for attachment to title-deeds of lands 

 alienated for farming or stock-raising. 



In the Soudan the enormous area of the country — over a million square miles 

 — and the limitel funds available have prevented any systematic survey being 

 taken up. A large amount of reconnaissance mapping has been done, and a series 

 of sheets on the scale of 1/250,000 (four miles to an inch) have been published. 

 These are corrected and improved by officers and Government officials as oppor- 

 tunity oilers. The energies of the Survey Department are almost entirely spent 

 in meeting urgent local requirements in the shape of cadastral maps of the culti- 

 vated areas along the river. 



Somaliland, a British protectorate which came into unfortunate prominence a 

 few years ago, is a country of too small value to be worth the cost of any sort 

 of survey, and the only maps that exist are based upon the route sketches of 

 travellers and sportsmen and upon the work done by a small section of the Survey 

 Department of India during the military operations five years ago. 



Leaving the east side of Afj:i9a and turning our eyes westward, we may note' 



