764 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 



be taught (wlieu it is taught at all) as an isolated discipline, without regard to its 

 application in any particular department of human history. Yet in this instance 

 a school with a classical curriculum cannot plead the impossibility of correlating 

 the geographical lesson with varying regions of historical study. For in a classical 

 curricukim the historical studies all have as their subject the doings of one 

 section or other of Mediterranean ]\^an, and the region which he inhabits forms 

 as well-defined and manageable a subject of geogi-aphical study as could easily be 

 devised. Experiments which have been tried, both at universities and in public 

 schools, suggest that the introduction of a systematic study of the Mediterranean 

 region on broad geographical lines at an early stage in the classical course has at 

 the same time the effect of familiarising the students with the main principles 

 of geographical inquiry, and of presenting to them, in an impressive, methodical, 

 and yet a most natural way, the outlines of the history and the social life of 

 the peoples whose language, literature, and beliefs are to be their principal study. 

 Correlation of studies, in fact, is here particularly easy to secure. 



In the present stage of development of the schools in question the only serious 

 difficulty is the lack of teachers of classics who have undergone any systematic 

 geography training at all. The remedy, therefore, would seem to be first to insist at 

 the universities on the acquisition, during the normal university course, of a far 

 higher quality of geographical knowledge than is at present presumed ; for 

 example, in the Final Classical School at Oxford, or in the Classical Tripos at 

 Cambridge. The existence both at Oxford and at Cambridge of an organised 

 staff for the teaching of pure and applied geography would make this change 

 quite easy, if the tutors and examiners could once oe brought to see its practical 

 utility. Secondly, when once the universities have been persuaded to insist upon 

 a higher minimum of geographical knowledge than at present from their classical 

 studies, it will be possible for headmasters to require from candidates for assistant- 

 ships a knowledge of classical — that is, Mediterranean — geography, which at 

 present they do not appear to want, and could not secure if they did. 



Meanwhile those few schools which have succeeded in securing either a 

 classical master with geographical interests, or even a geography master who 

 understands the special needs of classical students, are the best illustrations of 

 the vividness and coherence which can be put Into the classical curriculum by 

 insistence on a geographical point of view in dealing with Greek and Roman 

 civilisation. 



At present there is the familiar deadlock: headmasters who set store by 

 academic distinctions have no use for boys with geograpliical knowledge, and 

 consequently no use for geographically minded teachers ; the universities, hearing 

 no cry for geographically minded teachers, have no inducement to offer academic 

 distinctions to students with geographical knowledge. 



3. Scientific Results of the Voyage of the ' Scotia.^ 

 By William S. Bruce, LL.D., F.R.S.E. 



The ' Scotia' was specially fitted out for oceanographical and meteorological 

 research in high southern latitudes. 



Magnetism. — No magnetic research was done on board the ' Scotia,' since this 

 was not compatible with deep-sea trawling, sounding, &c., but at Scotia Bay, 

 South Orkneys, a magnetic observatory, named Copeland Observatory, after the 

 late Professor Ralph Copeland, was set up, when Mr. R. C. Mossmann carried out 

 a series of magnetic observations during the wintering of the ' Scotia,' and during 

 her absence coaling and refitting at Buenos Aires for the second voyage. 



Tides. — Tidal observations were made, under the direction of Captain Thomas 

 Robertson, every half hour at Scotia Bay. These are of special interest as being 

 a record in the most open stretch of ocean in the world. Their normality is 

 their striking characteristic. 



Meteorology. — Observations were taken by and under the direct supervision of 

 Mr. R. C. Mossman. The results are especially important, since the Argentine 



