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accompany certain well-defined inward qualities. But as black Is most certainly 

 not a primitive horse colour, it follows that coat colours may be intimately con- 

 nected with certain other characteristics quite irrespective of protective colouring. 

 Again, as the variation in the size and shape of the ears and hoofs of the asses and 

 zebras cannot be set down to protective colouring, but must be due to other 

 causes, there is no reason why variations in colour should not be ascribed to 

 similar causes. 



The argument based on the analogy of the horse family and the tigers, and on 

 that of the natives of the New World, may be applied to the races of Africa. 

 Next to the Mediterranean lie the Berbers and their Hamitic congeners, who 

 are regarded as part of the Eurafrican species by Sergi and his school. But the 

 Berbers are not all of the typical Mediterranean physique. The blonde Berbers 

 of the highlands of Rif in North-West Morocco and of the Atlas have long been 

 well known. In the region lower down and in Western Tunis the occurrence of 

 the xanthochrous type seems much less frequent, whilst further east it practically 

 disappears. 



It is certain that there was a fair-haired element in Libya long before Rome 

 conquered Carthage or the Vandals had passed into the ken of history. Oalli- 

 machus testifies to the existence of blonde Berbers in the third century B.C. We 

 may hold, then, with Sergi and others that the blonde element in the Berbers is not 

 a survival from invasions of Vandals or Goths, or from Roman colonists, but that 

 they rather owe their fair complexions and light-coloured eyes to the circumstance 

 that they were cradled in a cool mountainous region, and |not along the low-lying 

 border of the Mediterranean like their dark-coloured relations whose language and 

 customs they share. 



If, then, some of those who speak Hamitic are fair, and have been fair for 

 centuries before Christ, as Sergi himself admits, whilst others are dark, there is 

 no reason why some of the peoples who speak Aryan might not be dark whilst 

 others are blonde. 



The Berbers and their Hamitic congeners shade off on the south into other 

 peoples, but this is not altogether due to intermarriage, as is commonly held, for 

 it is more probably to be explained as due in a large part to climatic conditions. 

 The Bantus, who are said to have originated in the Galla country and to have 

 spread thence, are now regarded by the chief authorities as the result of an inter- 

 mixture of Hamites and Negroes. But, on the grounds I have already stated, it 

 is more rational to regard them as having been evolved in the area lying between 

 the Hamitic peoples on the north and the Negroes on the south, just as we have 

 corresponding types of the horse family in Nubia and Abyssinia and in the equatorial 

 regions. The same hypothesis also explains the existence of those cattle -keeping 

 tribes which lie west of the Nile stretching across Northern Nigeria, who border 

 on the Berbers, but yet differ from them, and border also on the Negroes, but 

 diff'er from them likewise. South of these tribes come the Negroes, the true 

 children of the equator. The Bantu is able to live in elevated equatorial areas, 

 and he has burst his way down to the sub-tropical and temperate parts of south 

 Africa, where he especially flourishes in the highlands, thus showing that his race 

 was originally evolved under similar conditions. The Bantu found in the South 

 the Hottentots, who are especially distinguished by steatopygy, a feature which 

 has led some to identify them with the primitive steatopygous race supposed to 

 have once lived in Southern Europe, Malta, and North Africa, and to have lelt 

 evidence of their characteristic in their representations of themselves. But, 

 granting that such a race once lived in North Africa and Southern Europe, there 

 is really no more reason for supposing that they and the Hottentots formed one 

 and the same race than there is for assuming that Daniell's quagga, which was 

 practically a bay horse, was proximately akin to the bay horse of North Africa. 

 The occurrence of steatopygy in two areas so wide apart is not due to an ethnical 

 migration, but rather to similar climatic conditions producing similar characteristics. 

 As some anthropologists so commonly explain the origin of races such as 

 the Bantus by intermarriage, it may be well to see whether intermarriage between 

 two races, one of which is an invader, is likely to produce a permanent effect upon 



