838 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 



the general physique of a whole community. T have shown elsewhere that the 

 many invasions of fair-haired races into the three southern peninsulas of Europe 

 and into the Aegean islands have left no permanent trace on the population. 

 It is a matter of common knowledge that the offspring of British and native 

 parents in India have a constant tendency to die out. The same undoubtedly holds 

 true for the offspring of British soldiers serving in Egypt, the Soudan, and West 

 Africa. The native race always reasserts itself In America the Spanish blood 

 has died out, or is dying out, everywhere except in the temperate regions of Chile, 

 Quito, and Argentina, where the descendants of the Spanish settlers thrive in a 

 climate very analogous to that of Spain. In the Southern States of North 

 America the whites cannot flourish, and only just manage to survive. On the 

 other hand the descendants of the Negro slaves imported into Brazil, the West 

 Indies, and the Southern States of North America thrive and multiply with 

 extraordinary vigour; a fact doubtless due to their race having been evolved under 

 similar conditions in equatorial Africa. 



Even from the evidence already to hand there is high probability that inter- 

 marriage can do little to form a new race unless the parents oq both sides are of 

 races evolved in similar environments. 



I have already pointed out that although the fair-haired race of Upper Europe 

 has age after age kept pouring over the Alps into Italy and the other southern 

 peninsulas, and have constantly intermixed with the indigenous populations, it is 

 only in the upper part of Italy that the blonde race is able to hold its own. In 

 Italy the xanthochrous race in ancient times as to-day had its maximum along 

 the Alps, and gradually dwindled towards the south until the melanochrous race 

 stood practically nlone in the lower part of the peninsula. So too in the Balkan, 

 whilst the fair-haired element was at its maximum along the Alps and the Danube, 

 southwards the melanochrous becomes moi'e and more comjiletely dominant, as it 

 practically is to-day in the lower part of the peninsula. 



(li) In the Alpine regions there has been from Neolithic times a brachy- 

 cephalic race, also found in Central France and in the British Isles, whither it is 

 supposed to have come in the Bronze age. It has been a fundamental article of 

 faith with Sergi and others that tliis round-headed race came from Asia, the home 

 of brachycephalism. It is Mongolian according to most, and spoke a non-Aryan 

 language; but Sergi regards it as Aryan, thus reverting to the old doctrine, which 

 made the Aryans come from Central Asia, and he assumes that these invaders 

 imposed their language both on the aborigines of Italy, such as the Ligurians, and 

 on tbe blonde race of Northern Europe ; but we shall soon see that this assumption 

 has no base. Now, as these folk dwelt in the region where we find the Ligurians 

 of historical times, others have argued that the Ligurians were a non-Aryan 

 people from Asia. But it is impossifjle to find any hard-and-fast lines between 

 the Alpine race and the peoples north and south of it in culture and sociology. 

 For that reason when treating of the people of the Alps in my ' Early Age of 

 Greece ' I did not take any account of the difl'erence in cranial measurements. In 

 1906, at the British Association, I maintained that this difference of skull type 

 did not mean anj' racial difl'erence, and on the analogy of the changes in the 

 osteology of the Equidae I urged that the roundness of the skulls was simply due 

 to environment, as the horses of the Pampas when brought up into the moun- 

 tainous regions of C'hile and Peru rapidly change their physical type. Physical 

 anthropologists have already maintained that the round head of the ]\Iongolian 

 has been developed in the high altitude of the Altai. If that be so, there is no 

 reason why a similar phenomenon should not have taken place in the Alpine 

 region, in Albania, Anatolia, and wherever else in mountain areas brachycephaly 

 has been found in more than sporadic examples, which of course may well be due 

 to migrations or importation of slaves. But I am far from suggesting that altitude 

 is the only cause of brachycephaly. 



The evidence then, as far as it goe.«, points to the same conclusion as that to 

 which we came as regards pigmentation, and it may eventually be proved that 

 just as each area has its own type of coloration, so also has it its own osteological 

 character. In support of thi.s I may point out that recently Dr. William Wright, 



