TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION n. 861 



and the last, as their name implies, derived their water from the river itself, 

 while the second and third were fed by springs which rose, and still rise, in the 

 floor of the river valley. 



Considerable remains of these conduits still exist, and well repay — what they 

 have not of recent years received — careful study and examination. Their course, 

 known fairly well as far as the village of Gallicano, in the district between the 

 Sabine and the Alban Hills, has hitherto been treated as unknown between 

 Gallicano and the point some seven miles out of Rome, where they emerge for the 

 last time from the ground, and run upon arches into Rome. Careful investiga- 

 tion, and especially the search for pieces of the calcareous deposit brought down 

 by the water, which was removed from the channels when they were cleaned 

 (which must have been frequently necessary), have, however, made it possible to 

 determine their course accurately, and this has been indicated in the maps 

 annexed to Parts I.-III. of the work by the present writer on the 'Classical 

 Topography of the Roman Campagna,' and will be dealt with fully before long in 

 a special work, which will also be illustrated with drawings and photographs, 

 showing the more important remains of the aqueducts along the whole extent of 

 their course, 



WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 9. 



The following Papers and Reports were read : — 



1. Notes on an Ancient Land Surface in a River Terrace at Ipswich and 

 on Pala^oliths from a Gravel Pit in the Valley of the Lark. By 

 Miss Nina F. Layard. 



At the junction of the river Clipping with the estuary of the Orwell gravelly 

 sands are superimposed on the original red river gravels, but separated from them 

 by a black band varying in thickness from three inches to a foot. This baud repre- 

 sents an old land surface which is largely composed of decayed animal matter. In 

 this band the following remains have been found : teeth and bones of a large 

 horse, bones and antler of red deer (Cervus Elaphus), large tusk, also tooth and 

 bones of mammoth, bones of Bos jyrimigenius, teeth and part of jaw of wolf (Canis 

 lujms), proximal end of radius of bear with part of a claw, part of the sternum of 

 a bird, and the shaft of humerus of an herbivorous mammal which has been 

 gnawed. Flint implements were discovered in connection with these remains : a 

 well- worked scraper with a number of flakes ; and two small pointed tools of the 

 Abbeville type. These remains were fully 30 feet below the present surface. 



The implements from the valley of the Lark were mostly found at a depth of 

 18 feet, in coarse gravels, which are in some parts of a deep red colour, in others 

 inclining to light yellow. The tools are much rolled, and many have a whitish 

 patina. Comparing these palaeoliths with those found at Foxhall Road, Ipswich, 

 the most notable differences are the generally rougher workmanship and the 

 prevalence of flint cores of considerable size, from which knives have been struck. 

 No examples of these cores from East Anglia are included in the British Museum 

 collection, and they do not appear to have attracted much attention in England. 

 Comparing them with the cores from Pressigny and the banks of the Indus in 

 Upper Sindh, it will be seen that the examples from Sufiblk are of a much rougher 

 type. Should it be found that cores are usually absent from sites which produce 

 flint tools of the Foxhall Road type, it may be possible to recognise a distinction 

 between knife-making tribes and tribes which had not discovered the art of making 

 long blades. 



2. Report on the Age of Stone Circles. — See Reports, p. 400. 



