862 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 



3. Tenth Report on the Lake Village at Glastonbury. 

 See Reports, p. 414. 



4, Report on the Collection, Preservation, and Systematic Registration of 

 Photographs of Anthropological Interest. — See Reports, p. 419. 



5, Cup- and Ring -markings. 

 By Rev. H. J. Dukinpield Astley, M.A., Litt.D. 



Attention was first publicly called to cup- and ring-markings by Sir James 

 Simpson in his book ' Ai-chaic Sculpturings of Cups, Circles, &c., on Ilocks ' in 

 1867, although Sir J. Gardiner Wilkinson claimed to have observed them as far 

 back as 1835. These marks are of wide distribution, archaic examples being found 

 on mcgalithic -monuments, the stones of chambered tumuli, stone kists, and on 

 rocks and boulders in many parts of Great Britain, in Ireland, on the Continent 

 in France, Spain, Italy, and Scandinavia, in China, India, and in North and South 

 America. As examples among modern savages may be instanced those found in 

 Australia, in Fiji, Easter Island, and other parts of the Pacific, as well as certain 

 parts of Africa. 



Various theories as to the origin and meaning of these marks have been 

 advanced; these may be grouped according as the explanations are based on 

 (1) religion — sun worship, serpent worship, mithra worship, &c. ; (2) signs — dials, 

 maps, plans of villages, a form of writing. 



It was suggested that cup- and ring-marks are connected with totemism, 

 being analogous to the designs on the churinga of the Arunta, and are to be 

 assigned to a similar stage of primitive society and a corresponding process of 

 primitive psychology. 



6. Report on Classifying and Registering Megalithic Remains in the 

 British Isles. — See Reports, p. 341. 



7. On the Classification of the Megalithic and analogous Prehistoric 

 Remains of Great Britain and Ireland. By George Clinch.' 



Some reasonable and convenient classification of megalithic and related 

 remains is urgently required because of — 



1 . The existing confusion of ideas as to the different types ; and 



2. The special need of some common method of classification in view of the 

 Government's promised action with reference to the ' historical monuments ' of 

 England. 



The author gave recent examples of grotesque errors on the part of 'local 

 antiquaries ' and indicated the pressing need of greater care in the study of 

 megalithic remains. 



The classification suggested aims at precision combined with sufficient breadth 

 , of scope to permit the inclusion of prehistoric dwellings, hill-side sculptures, and 

 other antiquities not already included in the scheme of the Earthworks Com- 

 niittee of the Congress of Archaeological Societies. 



8. Report on the Preparation of a Nev) Edition of Notes and Queries in 

 Anthropology. — See Reports, p. 342. 



' To be published in full in Anna^g of ArdKPoJojy and Anthropology, Lirerpool 

 University. 



