406 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. 



As the outcome of the. work done: (a) Measured plans have been 

 obtained of all the gateways except one (which is more injured than the 

 others.) (b) A measured plan of the whole fort (including all the stone 

 buildings discovered) has been drawn, (c) The pottery discovered on 

 the site has been examined in detail with great care — and its bearing on 

 the date of occupation of the camp fully brought out. 



The following results of the year's work have a special bearing on the 

 question of the occupation of the district in pre-Roraan times : — 



(a) In the course of the excavations, in addition to a number of 

 Roman mill-stones, there were discovered within the area of the Roman 

 fort a number of the earlier (beehive-shaped) querns. At least three 

 patterns of these have been identified by Professor Boyd Dawkins, both 

 upper and nether stones being present. 



(b) An examination of the ancient roads in the immediate vicinity 

 (by Professor Boyd Dawkins) led to the conclusion that pre-bistoric 

 routes leading along Ridgeways in the direction of at least two pre-historic 

 sites had been superseded by point-to-point Roman roads taking an easier 

 gradient. 



(c) An examination (by Professor Conway) of the set of leaden 

 veights discovered on the site has led to a distinct confirmation of the 

 theory (already laid down by Mr. Thomas May) that a number of these 

 weights confoi'm to a Keltic standard, while others are without doubt 

 multiplies of Roman units. 



(d) A quantity of slag — showing the working of iron — has been found , 

 on the site. While this may not be pre-Roman, it is at least similar to 

 what has been found on a number of pre-historic sites. 



(e) A number of blunt chips and splinters, similar to those found 

 near Rochdale and elsewhere in the Pennine Chain on Neolithic and 

 Bronze Age sites, proves that the site was occupied in one or other or in 

 both those ages. 



Full and detailed reports of the work are contained in the volume 

 entitled ' Melandra Castle,' published in June 1906 by the Manchester 

 University Press. 



APPENDIX C. 



Excavations at Newstead, near Melrose, 1905-6. 



So far, no remains of native pre-Roman civilisation have been found 

 which require separate investigation ; but there have been considerable 

 opportunities for the examination of animal and plant remains. The 

 animal remains, including a very large number of horse-bones, are being 

 examined by Professor Ewart of Edinburgh and by Dr. Bryce of Glasgow. 

 Specimens of the plant remains have been sent to the Professor of Botany 

 at Edinburgh, and it is to further investigation of similar plant remains 

 that the grant now made is to be applied. 



APPENDIX D. 



Excavations at Silchester, 1905. 



No detailed report has as yet been received from the excavators as to 

 the results obtained from the expenditure of the Britisli Association's 

 grant of 10^., which was made in 1904 for work on the contents of 



