564 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION C. 



Having Worked in tlie district for some years I venture to make the following 

 BUggestions. 



I. The words ' knoll ' and ' reef-knoll ' seem to he diflerently understood by 

 different workers. It seems to me desirable to drop the term ' reef-knoll.' This 

 terra was applied by Mr. Tiddeman to certain extreme members of a series : there is 

 every possible gradation between these and ordinary rounded knolls to which the 

 term would never be applied. Further, the hills so named by Mr. Tiddeman have 

 not all originated in the same way. 



II. The following types of knolls may be recognised : — 



A. Those in the grey or bluish-white limestone. Some of these are well- 



bedded and very fossiliferous ; some are obscurely bedded ; some are 

 not apparently very fossiliferous. 



B. Those in the dark limestones with numerous shales : these knolls are 



lower and more rounded. 

 0. Scar-knolls ; truncated folds weathered into semi-rounded and more or 

 less detached masses. These vary from small crags through large 

 peninsular masses to long scar-like ridges. These may be in the 

 white or dark limestones. Sometimes a scar-knoll has been detached 

 from the main mass of a limestone by weathering. 



There are gradations of every degree connecting these types. . 



III. Examples of all these types of knolls occur on one well-defined horizon. 

 They may all be seen striking parallel with the Peudleside shales containing Posi- 

 donomya Becheri, Posidoniella l<evis, Aviculopecten jpapyraceus, ajiA ixavaeAmtQlj 

 succeeded by these shales. The succession may be seen at Cracoe and Thorpe, 

 Stockdale, Newsholme, Broughton and Thornton, Bownham and Slaidburn. 



IV. The knolls are most conspicuous on the margins of the district. They 

 are seen close to the faults at Threshfield, Malham, Attermlre, Stockdale, and Bell 

 Busk. Against the grit ridges on the southern side they are well developed at 

 Thorpe and Cracoe, Broughton and Thornton, and near Downham. 



It is notewortliy that knoll-like masses are seen noi-th of the Grassingtom 

 branch of the Craven faults, at Craven Moor and near Dibble's Bridge. Here the 

 massive white limestones come up with a much greater dip than is usual north of. 

 the faults. 



The whole district is much folded. There are well-defined folds with N.E.— 

 S.W. axes intersected by less conspicuous folds parallel to the main Pennine 

 axis. The interference of these fold-systems seems to have directly produced some 

 of the knolls. Folding is seen everywhere, in both the dark and the white lime- 

 stones ; though the well-bedded dark limestones naturally show it best. Minor 

 faults are common, and some of the knolls appear to be due in part to faulting. 



V. The more massive knolls of white limestone appear to be due to irregular 

 aggregations of submarine debris. Folding has ridged up these massive lime- 

 stones, and weathering has intensified the difference between these and the 

 commoner knolls of the district. The smaller knolls are due to folding (as in IV.) 

 and subsequent weathering. 



7. The Faunal Sequence in the Lower Carboniferous Eocks of Westmorland 

 and the adjacent areas of West Yorkshire and North Lancashire. 

 By Professor E. J. Garwood, M.A. 



The work with which the present communication deals was begun sixteen 

 years ago in the Shap area, at the suggestion of the late Professor Nicholson ; and 

 eleven years ago the general results which had then been arrived at were pub- 

 lished in the ' Geological Magazine ' in a note by Dr. Marr and the present author. 



Iv., pt. iii., August 1899 ; also Dakyns in same number, Q.J. G.S. W. Hind and Howe,- 

 • On the Pendleside Group at Pendle Hill, &c.,' Q.J.6.S., Ivii., pt. iii., August 1901. 

 Sir A. Geikie, Text Book of Geology, 1903, vol. ii. p. 1041. 



