570 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION C. 



The above course, however, should be so systematic and continuous that it need 

 be accompanied by no apologies for the omission or introduction of any special 

 detail. It should be a course of geology suited to agriculturists, but none the less 

 a course in geology. Collection of samples in the field and broad open-air views 

 of the relation of the farm to the country round it are essential features. A field- 

 tour through varied districts should be arranged in conjunction with the teachers 

 of agriculture. Anything that makes the country appeal more to those who work 

 in it is a real gain to the worker ; and experience shows that the origin of surface- 

 forms and the past history of a district in geological time have considerable 

 attractions for those who have had their eyes trained, from youth onwards, on 

 a particular piece of country. 



While the broadest names should be used for rock-types and for fossil-typos of 

 life, yet the necessity for detailed investigation becomes forced on anyone who 

 begins to examine the constituents of a soil. The discussion of minerals is aided 

 by the students' previous knowledge of the elements of chemistry and physics, and 

 the successive faunas can fortunately be dealt with on a basis of zoology. Hence 

 the task of training agricultural scholars in geology is far more agreeable and 

 effectual than is the case with a class of engineers or architects, or with students 

 of those Universities that have not as yet systematised their courses of scientific 

 study. 



5. Notes on the ^ Index Animalium.' By Dr. F. A. Bather. 



6. The Glacial Deposits of the East of England. By F. W. Harmer. 



The eastern part of Norfolk forms a low-lying area which, could the glacial 

 beds be removed, would seldom rise above the 100-foot contour. This region, 

 therefore, with the Fenland, was the- first part of East Auglia to be overrun by 

 the North Sea ice. None of the resulting moraine (similar, for example, to the 

 Contorted Drift of Cromer) is now found in the Fenland, as it has been destroyed 

 by the subsequent advance of the inland ice-stream to which the chalky boulder- 

 clay was due ; its former presence is evidenced by the occasional occurrence there 

 of igneous erratics like those found on the Norfolk coast. 



At this period, moreover, the North Sea ice must also have advanced over 

 Holderness and the East Lincolnshire plain. A portion of the glacial deposits of 

 those regions may therefore be of equivalent age to the Contorted Drift of Cromer. 

 As, however, the movement of the Scandinavian glacier from north to south must 

 have been gradual, the Contorted Drift may be somewhat newer than the earliest 

 of the glacial beds of North Britain. 



Before the deposition of the chalky boulder-clay in East Anglia, the North 

 Sea ice had withdrawn from a great part of that region, and it did not reappear. 

 During its retreat, however, it heaped up a well-marked terminal moraine in the 

 form of a hummocky ridge of drift, in places reaching 300 feet above O.D., 

 extending twelve miles in a S.S.W. direction from Mundesley and Cromer. 



The chalky boulder-clay of Suflx)lk is blue and intensely Kimmeridgian ; that 

 of Norfolk is whitish, with a chalky matrix, the boundary between the two being 

 clearly defined. Jurassic boulder-clay, moreover, may be traced across the Fen- 

 land from SuflTolk into the Lincolnshire plain, while the chalky drift of Norfolk 

 is represented by the chalky clay which is piled against the western slopes of the 

 southern part of the Lincolnshire Wolds to a height of 300 and 400 feet. The 

 behaviour of the last-named drift is instructive. Due to ice crossing the Chalk 

 range through a depression running from north to south in the direction of the 

 present valley of the Bain, it turns suddenly to the S.E. as it approaches the 

 lower ground, instead of overflowing the latter, as it must have done had that 

 course been open to it. The separation between the Jurassic and the Chalky Drift 

 is as clearly marked in Lincolnshire as it is in East Anglia. Produced from the 

 former district to the latter, the line dividing them runx diagonally across the 



