690 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 



extreme jealousy — the development of individualism in sexual affairs — broke the 

 herd into small hostile single-male groups. 



It is contended that among Homo sexual relationship, similar to that of a social 

 herd, e.g., the seal, obtained. But it is objected that the terms promiscuity or 

 communal marriage applied to these relationships are misleading, so special 

 technical terms are introduced to deiiae the relationships, while ordinary terms are 

 limited in this wise : Mating is when the female is always free to choose her 

 partner ; marriage where she is the property of the male by the law of might, by 

 custom, or otherwise, and cannot leave at will ; rape when she is forced to 

 submit ; and communal rape, the action of victorious warriors to captive womeia. 



Consideration is then given to the arguments of Mr. Lang and Dr. Wester- 

 marck against the idea that man was socialistic and free-mating in his early days. 

 Mr. Lang's idea that communal mating meant communal suckling is shown to be 

 an erroneous deduction, because it only occurs in exceptional circumstances — death 

 of offspring, and consequent milk-troubles. Dr. Westermarck's idea about the en- 

 forcement of pre-nuptial chastity is met by argument that this is a taboo custom, 

 indicative, therefore, of pre-nuptial unchastity. 



A theory of the evolution of marriage is then given — that it has not arisen 

 from the free mating of social animals, because with them the female was, for 

 physiological reasons, too sparing in her acceptance. This did not satisfy the 

 overwhelming lust of the human male ; therefore the males banded together and 

 raided other tribes, stole their women, and made them submit or be killed. So, 

 not content with conquering all other species, man conquered the female half of 

 his own. He carried the females away as his slaves or wives ; and it is out of 

 the practice of communal rape that marriage has arisen. 



5. Eighth Report on the Lake Village at Glastonbury. — See Reports, p. 410. 



6. The Ethnologij of South Africa. By Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S. 



FRIDAY, AUGUST 3. 



The following Papers and Report were read : — 

 1. Exhibit of Bronze Weapo7is and Implements from Persia. 5^/ Major 



P. MOLESWORTH SyKES, C.M.G. 



2. Note on Major Sykes's Collection.^ By Rev. Canon GeeeNwell. 



The objects were discovered near Khinaman, in South-east Persia. They were 

 associated, as grave goods, with unburnt burials. No similar cemetery has yet 

 been met with in Persia. The discovery is of the utmost interest, not only from 

 the nature of the articles, but from the light thrown upon the early metallic stage 

 of culture in the country. 



The find consists of five bowls, two pins, two javelin-heads, two armlets of 

 ■ordinary penannular form, two rods with curved ends, possibly symbols of 

 authority (two knives, one with a tang, the other very thin and oval in shape), and 

 two axe-heads. All these objects were of bronze. Besides these two clay vases 

 of globular form were found and some very large pottery vessels, too big to bring 

 home. The axe-heads are the most interesting part of the find. They were not 

 weapons, as the manner of fastening the handles precludes such a possibility ; but 

 they were either representative weapons made for burying with the dead or were 



' To be published in Journ. Aiithrop. Inst. 



