TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 699 



Femur. Left. Length, 420 mm. Pilastered and compressed in upper part 



of shaft. General conformation of leg-bones indicates that ' squatting ' was the 

 habitual posture when at rest. 



4. On the Relative Stature of the Men with Lomj Heads, Short Heads, 

 and those with Intermediate Heads, in the Musetim at Driffield. By 

 J. R. Mortimer. 



5. England before the English. By J. Gray, B.Sc. 



There is evidence derived from the occurrence of rough stone implements that 

 palajolithic man inhabited England for ages during the interglacial periods of the 

 Ice Age. No stuUs of undoubtedly palaeolithic man have been found in England. 

 Paleolithic man disappeared from England and from Europe during the end of 

 the Ice Age, and some time after a new variety of the human species — neolithic 

 man— entered Europe. Neolithic man corresponds with the modern Mediter- 

 ranean race. The Anglo-Saxons, Swedes, and other lair peoples of Northern 

 Europe are apparently a variety of the neolithic race, with somewhat broader 

 heads, which may be due to the selection of an Arctic climate or to a small 

 infusion of a broad-headed race. In the Bronze Age an entirely new race settled 

 in England. This race was brachycephalic and tall, and came by sea to Britain 

 from the Eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor. The analysis of the measure- 

 ments of neolithic skulls found in Britain point clearly to the existence of two 

 racial elements in the population of the island. 



6. Discussion on the Physical Characters of the Races of Britain. 



7. 7'Ae Hijksos, and other Work of the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. 

 By Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie, F.R.S. 



A great earth-bank camp, twenty miles north of Cairo, proves to belong to the 

 Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings, who held Egypt from about 2400 to 1600 B.C. The 

 camp is about 1,500 feet across, the bank 100 to 200 feet thick, and over 40 feet 

 high. The outside was a great slope of white stucco 60 to 70 feet high, and the 

 entrance was a long slope of over 200 feet ascending over the bank. No such 

 fortification is known before in Egypt. Within a year or two the defenders threw 

 out flanking walls to command the sloping roadway. All of these works are only 

 suitable for archery defence. Two or three generations later, when the stucco 

 face was decayed, an entirely different system was adopted. An immense wall of 

 fine limestone, 46 feet high, 6 feet thick, and over a mile long, was built outside 

 of the bank, which thus ceased to have any slope, and became a walled city. 

 This all accords with Manetho's history, the archers having overcome the 

 Egyptians without a pitched battle, just as the Parthians later destroyed the 

 Roman army. And after a century the Hyksos built a great and mighty wall 

 round their camp of Avaris, which is probably the structure here discovered. 



The cemetery of the Hyksos shows that there was a continuous degradation of 

 work in the scarabs during this age. Hence it is possible to begin a systematic 

 arrangement of all the names on Hyksos scarabs, which comprise the greater part 

 of the kings of that race. They appear to have been Semites who came from the 

 region between Syria and Mesopotamia, and they were pushed forward into Egypt 

 and Cyprus by a migratory movement. The full details of this and the following 

 discoveries will be found in ' Hyksos and Israelite Cities,' large edition, the 

 annual volume of the British School. 



Other work has brought to view the store city of Raamses, built by the 

 Israelites along with Pithom, and the cemetery of the city of Goshen. 



The town and temple built by the high priest Onias has also been found, and 



