ON THE AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME. 175 



Class 



17 Bankers and finance agents.. 



18 Insurance clerks. 



19 Insurance agents and collectors. 



The remaining classes are : — 



20 Farmers and graziers. 



This includes crofters in Scotland and peasant proprietors in Ireland. It 

 does not include farmers' relatives working on the farm or bailiffs. 



21 Here are included a number of gardeners, entering themselves as employers 



and proprietors of agricultural machines, &c. 



22 Here we have included masters, mates, and an estimate for engineers 



(from table 52 of Appendix A to the General Eeport of the Census). It 

 is to be noticed that seamen at sea are not always included in the total 

 population. 



23 Railway officials or clerks. This is not given in the Irish census, and we 



have approximated for the relatively small number there concerned. 



24 Telegraph, telephone service, not including messengers or Government 



servants who come under class 1 or mechanics. 



The next five classes are obtained from Orders 9 to 22 in the 

 census classification, which contain the whole of productive industry 

 and a great part of retail distribution. The first separation is between 

 manufacturers (or makers) and dealers, which includes shopkeepers and 

 assistants. This division is not made in the Irish census, except that 

 most important classes of shops are given separately. It is not possible 

 in general to distinguish between wholesale and retail distribution, but 

 it is to be remembered that clerks, who are the main employes other 

 than manual workers in wholesale distribution, are already included in 

 our class 16. 



The other line of division is between employers, those who are 

 working for employers, and those who are working on their own 

 account. In the General Eeport in the 1901 Census considerable dis- 

 satisfaction is expressed as to the result of this classification, but it 

 may be observed that it appears to be correct in its main lines, since 

 persons working on their own account are found in greatest numbers 

 in precisely those occupations where common observation would lead 

 one to expect them. (See the list in the table below.) There is no 

 other means of estimating these numbers. It is quite possible that 

 many persons describe themselves as employers who are, in fact, 

 employed during part of their time, and, indeed, very many persons 

 are both employers and employed. To this point we must return 

 when we estimate the incomes of this group. 



In class 25 are included all the persons returned as employers in 

 the census orders, except those employers who are dealers or shop- 

 keepers, who, together, form heading 27. Similarly, under 26 and 28 

 are included those working on. their own account. In class 29 come 

 those (other than clerks) who work for those employers who are dealers 

 or shopkeepers. Finally, we include class 30 — costermongers, whether 

 employers, employed, or on their own account— and class 31 — employer 

 sweeps; for these two classes, presumably, are not included in the 

 Labour Department's wage statistics, as they are not manual workers 

 employed by others. We may here remark that we learn that shop 

 assistants are not to be included in the current wage census, and we 

 have therefore included them in the intermediate group. 



